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Jan 1, 1440
The Printing Press
-invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany
-made it possible for books to be mas produced, allowing normal people the ability to read and learn
-for example, Martin Luther's 95 Theses were published which caused a reformation because people could now read and be educated -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther
-disagreed with the Catholic teachings that Indulgences would make for a shorter time in Purgatory
-published the 95 Theses, which said that God's grace alone would save people
-this lead to the creation of Protestantism -
John Locke
-know as the "Father of Classical Liberalism"
-his writings influenced citizens, philosophers, and even American revolutionaries
-some of his ideas including classical republicanism and liberal theory are shown in the Declaration of Independence
-formulated a reasoning for religious tolerance
-"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" is derived from his theories
-his ideas influenced countless amounts of people, and caused the modern perception of the self -
Montesquieu
-he was a social commentator and political thinker
-he is known as one of the predecessors of anthropology
-his most well-known work was one that separated French society into three categories, known as the "monarchy", "aristocracy", and "commons"
-he also believed there were three kinds of governemnt: moarchies, republics, and despotisms
-he influenced the separation of powers, which are in many constitutions around the world today -
Voltaire
-became a writer, although his father wanted him to be a lawyer
-he wrote historical essays,prose, and poetry
-instead of writing diplomatic and military events, he focusd on social issues, customs, and artistic and scientific achievements
-he influenced the way people saw the world, seeing Europe as a whole as opposed to many separate nations
-he also believed that educating the masses would lead to progress -
Rise of Deism
-Desim says that there is a God and he created the universe, but after he creation, he does not interfere with it
-Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury is known as the father of Deism
-many people accepted this theory, and this to more people srtaying from believing in a god and questioning other religions -
Piano
-the modern piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Italy
-expensive and not easily portable, but people enjoyed the versatile nature of the musical instrument
-influenced more variety in music, and lead to great composers like Mozart and Haydn creating some of their most famous works -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-was a writer, composer, and philosopher
-wrote about the nature of education in "Émile: or, On Education"
-his political philosophies influenced the the French Revolution. It included the distinction of state and government
-he also wrote about the stages of human development and the theory of the natural human
-he influenced the development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought -
Denis Diderot
-was a philosopher, art critic, and writer
-his early works were translations of books, the most famous being "History of Greece" (1743) and "Medicinal Dictionary" (1746–1748)
-his first original work was "Pensées philosophiques" in 1746
-he is most well known for being the editor of what is now known as the encyclopedia
-this gave people the ability to learn more easily because all of the information was found in one book -
Richard Price
-was a British moral philosopher, a preacher, and a political pamphleteer
-was an active radical when it came ot the American Revolution
-he published his pamphlet "Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America" and within a few days, he had sold over 60,000 copies
-he influenced people through his preaching, giving the ideas of egalitarianism and equal rights -
Adam Smith
-a Scottish philosopher and pioneer of political economy
-his most famous writings are "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776)
-"The Wealth of Nations" is often known as the first modern major writing of economics. IN this he explained how competition and self interest lead to a lucrative economy
-this influenced the start of more competition in the market place, and more knowledge of economics -
Encyclopedia
-edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
-Diderot wanted it to be a collection of all the world's knowlegde
-changed the way people thought because they were able to learn much more. This lead to the expansion of great minds and thinkers
