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Jun 16, 661
Muawiyah is recongnised as the first Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate
To avoid another possible Fitnah or civil war between the Muawiyah and the Rashudi, Hasan ibn Ali steps down and hands over the caliphate to Muawiyah. The decision to hand over the caliphate was made by Hassan ibn Ali and then solidified in a epeace treaty between Muawiyah and Hassan ibn Ali. -
Nov 23, 661
Damascus is the New Capital
The Abbasids move the capital of the Islamic empire from the city of Medinah to Damascus. Damascus eventually became an economically beneficial city for the Umayyads. This was due to all the trade that went on throughout the Empire. -
Apr 27, 680
Death of Muawiyah
Muawiyah dies at the age of 78 in the year 680. Prior to his death however he crowned his son, Yazid ibn Muawiyah the next Caliph. This event created conflict as it dishonored the treaty between Muawiyah and Hasan ibn Ali. The treaty stated that upon the death of Muawiyah the position of Caliph would return to Hasan ibn Ali -
Oct 2, 680
Battle of Karbala
Iman Hussein threatened the government of Yazid ibn Muawiyah as he set out for Iraq to become the new Caliph. Out of greed and selfishness Yazid ibn Muawiyah sent out and army to kill IMan Hussein in Karbala. This event is now remembered as a historical tragedy to both the Sunnis and the Shias. -
May 19, 683
Battle of al-Harrah
The forces of Yazid ibn Muawiyah and Abdullah ibn Zubayr collided in the Battle of Al-Harrah. Looking for retaliation upon the death of Iman Hussien Abdullah ibn Zubayr began a movement to over throw Yazid ibn Muawiyah. Filled with rage Yazid ibn Muawiyah launched a force of 10,000 onto Makkah and Medinah. This battle resulted in the death of 11,000 innocent people. The Ummayad army at the end were considered the winers of the 3 day war as the looted the cities of Makkah and Medinah. -
Nov 11, 683
Death of Yazid bin Muawiyah
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Nov 23, 700
Unification of the Coin system
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the new Caliph, unified currency system. Now traveleres were able to use the same currency in various destinations. The reason for the unification was to avoid continous currency exchange. -
Nov 18, 712
Umayyad control the Indus
After continuous invasions the Islamic armies take control over the Indus River -
May 13, 718
Law on Labor
Witht he growing laws againt slaves and labor, Umar II established a law stating that all labor must now be paid. This law was valid throughout the empire. This was a benifital law as it allowed the poor to make money for themselves and their families. -
May 19, 719
Law on Taxation
Umar established a law that stated that all Muslims no longer have to pay tax. However this could cause problems if there were mass conversions to Islam, hence Umar also put some safeguards in place to protect the finances of the Umayyad government. -
Sep 15, 719
Seized of Barcelona and the city of Narbonne
The governer of the Al-Andalus seized Barcelona and Narbonne. After a period of fighting the locals chose to surrender. -
Feb 7, 720
Umar II is poisoned
Umar II's reforms for the people infuriated the nobility of the Umayyads. Hence a servant was bribed into poisoning his food. -
Dec 9, 730
Battle of Marj Ardabil
In this battle the Umayyad caliphate lost Ardabil to the Khazar. -
Apr 9, 747
Rebellion
The appointed governers of the Umayyad Caliphate were corrupt, unreliable, and untrustworthy hence the people began to rebel. "This rebellion was majorly because of the gap between the outlying people of the caliphate and the Damascus-based capital." This statement means that the Umayyad Caliphate was lest into the religion and more into the worldly activites. -
Nov 15, 762
The capital moves again
The Abbasids moved the capital of the empire from Dammascus (appointed by the Umayyad) to Baghdad. Baghdad was founded in 762 by al-Mansur on the banks of the Tigris River. -
Apr 26, 830
Discovery of Algebra
As they say Muslims were once the leaders of the worlds with regards to discoveries. Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi (also known as "Father of Algebra" ) was a mathematician who found great development in the field of mathematical algebra. He wrote a book that showed the concepts of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root. -
Dec 18, 830
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi writes a book on mathematics.
This was a mathematical book written by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. This book consisted on tutorials with the aim to teach the merchants and the population of the empire. -
Mar 20, 964
Discovery of the Andromeda Galaxy
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi wrote a Book on Fixed Stars, describing a nebulous spot in the Andromeda constellation, the first definitive reference to what we now know is the Andromeda Galaxy which is the closest galaxy to us -
May 19, 1000
Hospital Law
Hospitals were open in ever region of the Islamic Empire. Hospitals were now to be open 24 hours a day and were not allowed to turn away patients unable to pay. -
Nov 9, 1021
Optical publications
Alhazen used wrote a Book of Optics . He showed experiments with his observations to prove his theory of vision. He was one of the first to use the Scientific Method. This helped Ibn al-Haytham to make the first lense in world history. -
Nov 27, 1095
The First Crusade
The first crusade was called by the pope which aimed and succeed in conquering Jerusalem. -
Fall of Umyyad Dynasty
The Umayyad Dynasty's fall resulted in them becoming unpopular. The Umayyads favored Syrian Arabs over all and treated mawali, the newly converted Muslims, as a lower rank. Other Muslims were angry with the Umayyads for turning the caliphate into a hereditary dynasty as they believed that a single family should not hold power. Those Muslims united under Abbasids.
