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570
Birth of Muhammad
http://www.pbs.org/muhammad/timeline_html.shtml#Muhammad was born in Mecca present day Saudi Arabia.
Raised by his uncle Abu Talib, along with his grandfather. His mom and grandfather died when he ws still a child. -
Period: 570 to Jan 1, 632
Life of Muhammad
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Jan 1, 610
Muhammad's First Revelation
Muhammad had his revelation from Allah in ''Cave of Hira,'' located on Mt. Hira. He frequently meditate there and one day recieved message from an archangel, Gabriel, the same angel that approached Mary, mother of Christ. He was then given revelations from Allah, which is written in the Quran. -
Jan 1, 622
Flight to Medina
Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina in 633 C.E. due to threats by the Ummayyad and other clans in Mecca. His new religion cause concerns to religious leaders in Mecca, they feared that they would lose wealth and power. Medina welcomed him, they needed help with their quarrels. Here, he grew popularity for his religion. -
Jan 1, 630
Muhammad's Triumph
Muhammad and Medina fought the Umayyad clan, it started around 627, and ended several years later in 630 with the victory of Muhammad and Medina. They signed a treaty with the Ummayyad and was able to return the Ka'Ba. -
Jan 1, 632
Muhammad's Death
Sudden death. However, he managed to spread Islam all over the Arabian Peninsula, united them. The Umayyads became the dominating force in the Islamic community, resulted in arab empire under their rule. -
Period: Jan 1, 632 to Jan 1, 661
Era of Rightly Guided Caliphs
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Nov 10, 632
First Caliph; Abu Bakr (632- 634)
The first of the four rightly guided Caliphs. He was Muhammad's closest companion. But he was rejected by the Umayyads. During his caliphate, he had many victories against the Romans. -
Period: Jan 1, 633 to Jan 1, 644
Muslim Conquest of Persia
Persia falls to Arabs after battle of Kadisiya, after Arab sacked Ctesiphon. Arab continue to acheive victory over the Persian forces at Nahavand in 641. apture Isfahan in 642 and Herat in 643. For a century, Persia became part of Umayyad. -
Jan 1, 634
Second Caliph; Umar (634- 644)
Succeded Abu Bakr, the vast expansion of Islam was Umar's most notable feature of his caliphate (Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, and Iraq). Was assasinated in 644. -
Jan 1, 644
Third Caliph; Uthman (644-656)
Most notable contribution is complete and authorative text of the Quran. First 6 years of the caliphate were peaceful, followed by rebellions. Jews and Magians conspired against him, he was assassinated in656, he was unpopular because he supported the Umayyads. -
Jan 1, 650
Quran Compiled
The Quran was compiled by various people and caliph such as Abu Bakr, and process. Zayd bin Thabit and Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse by memory. The complete Quran was passed down from Bakr to Uthman, then to Uthman's daughter Hafsah. -
Jan 1, 656
Fourth Caliph; Ali (656-661)
Accepted becaue he was the cousin of Muhammad. Got rid of all governers and replaced new ones. Hijaz, became troubled that he moved the capital to Iraq, Muawi govt. rebelled against him. Assassinated during prayer in a mosque. -
Period: Jan 1, 656 to Jan 1, 661
Civil Wars
Civil War broke out after death of Uthman and Ali's attempt to resign. Some obliged,others refused, and began to rebell. Most notable amoung the latter - Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan(Umayyad Governer), he was declared caliph in Damascus. -
Period: Jan 1, 657 to Jan 1, 750
Umayyad Caliphate
Rule was divided between two branches of family: the Sufyānids(661–684), descendants of Abū Sufyān; and the Marwanids (684–750), Marwān I ibn al-Hakam. Syrian army became basis of strenghth, created united empire. -
Period: Jan 1, 711 to
Conquest of Spain
Muslim invaded and within 7 years, conquered the Iberian peninsula. One of the greatest Muslim civilizations. The people did not like the harsh condition of Visigoth rulers, this gave Muslims an advantage. The heartland was Southern Spain or Andulusia. -
Period: Jan 1, 750 to Jan 1, 1258
Abbasid Caliphate
The name camer from its ancestor al- Abbas; the uncle of Muhammad. In 750 Abbasid defeated the Umayyads and moved capital to Baghdad. All caliphs were descended from Abbas; member of Quraysh of Mecca, uncle of Muhammad. Caliphs were at first religious and political leader, but later became puppets in hands of Turkish soilder. Philosophy, medicine, math, and other science flourished during this time; Hellenistic. -
Jan 1, 756
Baghdad Established as Capital of Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid overthrew the Umayyad in 750. By moving the capital, they're supporting the Malawi, the non- Arab Muslim convert. They made them as equal as Arab convert, unlike under the Umayyad rule, only Arab Muslim is seem as 1st class. -
Jan 1, 1099
Crusader Seize Jerusalem
Happened during the 1st crusade. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 7 weeks of siege and massacure of Muslim and Jew population. Few weeks later, an Egyptian army challenged this claim, and their defeat outnumbered Christians and 5 small Christian states were set up in the region under rule of crusades. -
Jan 1, 1206
Delhi Sultanate established in India
Mohammad Ghori captured Delhi defeating Prithviraj. This established series of rulers and the dynasty was called the slave dynasty because the rulers were military slaves. They faced constant threats from North West and had internal politics within nobles. Under Khilji dynasty most of Soth India was conquered. Agriculture were its main source, but due to instability, peasants suffered greatly. -
Jan 1, 1258
Mongols sack Baghdad; formal end of Abbasid Caliphate
Mongke became khan of Mongols and migrated to the middle east in 10 years Mongols had overrun Mesopotamia and the city surrendered. With that the mongols stole and killed the people of the city. -
Jan 1, 1324
Mansa Musa Pilgrimage to Mecca
He was the emperor of Mali and met the rulers of the Middle East and Europe in his journey. He brought much gold with him and gave it away destroying the country’s economies. When he returned he invited Arab scholars, architects,and gov. bureaucrats. He built many mosques and schools. -
Jan 1, 1442
Christian Re- Conquest of Spain completed; end of Muslim Spain
The Christian Reconquest forced Spanish Muslims to go south, and the kingdom of Granada established as the last refuge of the Moorish civilization. The Granada flourished, but internal conflict, and strength of the Spanish monarchy led to the end of Moorish civilization. On January 2, 1492, King Boabdil surrendered Granada to the Spanish forces. -
Jan 1, 1453
Ottoman Empire conquers Contantinople, end of Byzantine Empire
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful of the empires. Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II’s army. The city had been attacked before but was protected by the wall that Mehmed himself had designed. But Sultan Mehmed, II fired cannons on the wall for several weeks. -
Jan 1, 1526
Munghal Empire established in India
The Munghal Empire ruled a large part of Northern India from 16-18th century. had an administrative organization which was stable for 7 generations. was powerless until the middle of the 19th century. -
Emergence of Sufisim 800-1000
They were mystic Muslim (Ascetic movement). Seeking divine truth adn love through god. Their name came from the wool garment they wore as rejection to worldly things. Stressed control of mind, mystic insight, and loss of self in union with god. -
Period: to
Emergence of Sunnis/ Shi'i Split
Occured shortly after Ali's death, and Umayyad's take over. In 680, soilders of second Umayyad caliph killed Ali's son. The Shi'a refused to be ruled by the Umayyads, Sunnis triumphed politically; but Shi'a continued to look to the Imams(Blood descendants of Muhammad) as their religious leader.
