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Jun 8, 632
Death of Muhammad
By this time, Islam was accepted in Mecca and Medina as well as by many Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula -
Jan 1, 637
Arab Muslims take Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire
the Dome of the Rock was a mosque commissioned in Jerusalem and completed in 691 by the Umayyad Dynasty -
Jan 1, 661
Islamic capital moves to Damascus
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Period: Jan 1, 661 to Jan 1, 750
Islamic Empire ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty
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Jan 1, 711
Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
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Jan 1, 751
Umayyad caliphate becomes ruler of the Iberian Peninsula (Andalus)
-Umayyad prince flees the rule of the Abbasid Dynasty
-Sets up power in Andalus
-Rules from 711-1492
-Cordoba Mosque becomes an example of Islamic art, power, and prescence in Modern Spain -
Jan 1, 762
Islamic Empire expands to East Asia
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Jan 1, 890
Arabs create foothold in France
-Arabs build a fortress near what is now Saint-Tropez in France -
Period: Jan 1, 912 to Jan 1, 961
Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III rules Andalus
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Jan 1, 941
Arabs given the Alpine pass
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Jan 1, 1099
First Crusades: Muslims lose Jerusalem
-Europe takes Jerusalem and makes it Christian Land -
Jan 1, 1187
Muslims take back Jerusalem
-Maintains their hold on Jerusalem -
Jan 1, 1258
Mongols take Baghdad
-Turkish tribes in central Asia lead by Osman I fight off the Mongols
- Osman I begins the Ottoman Empire -
Jan 1, 1352
Ottomans take Genoa and adjacent Byzantine territories (Balkins)
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Jan 1, 1453
Ottomans take Constantinople
Istanbul was once Constantinople
-control over all Byzantine territories (Byzantine Empire ruled "present day sicily, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa" (Berger, 40)
-Ottoman Empire was "distinctly Islamic" (Berger)
- Ottoman Empire, between1520-1530, was 18.8% Muslim and Christians 80.7. Muslims lived in the larger cities and towns while Christians dwelled in the countrysides -
Jan 1, 1455
Ottomans officially take Vrhbosna (Sarajevo)
-Established tekkes (sufi lodges or religous dervish buildings) in the Muslim mommunity in order to be established as a town (kasaba) -
Jan 1, 1463
Ottomans conquer Bosnia
-Ottomans bring with them the GHAZI and the AHKI,
* Ghazi were Muslim religious warriors who were theorized to have played a role in the conquering of the Balkans.
*Ahkis were a Muslim group "consisting of artisans and merchants" (Ašceric-Todd 34)
*both groups were based on the principles of futuwwa, or Islamic codes linked with Sufism -
Jan 1, 1560
"Balkan Age of Conversion"
-By about 1560, 58% of the Balkans were Muslim
-Indigenous people who convered to Islam under the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II to boost Islamic numbers
-Voluntarily conversion -
Serbia declares war
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Bosnia under Austro-Hungarian military law
-Shari'a law remains in place in Muslim civic matters
-Industrialization in Bosnia
-Muslims would enjoy freedom of religion -
Period: to
20th Century Bosnia-Herzegovina overview
Bosnia became a country with a diverse landscape and diverse people
-Century of ethnic tension and identity crisis more so than religious
- 3 ethnic presence in Bosnia; Serbs felt threatened by the larger Muslim presence
-Series of political debates and mini wars occure pre WWII
-Post WWII: politically splintered Yugoslavia
-Bosnia regains independence in 1992, the following year the Bosnian Genocide begins when Serbs mass murder about 8,000 "Bosniaks" (Muslim Bosnians) in a two year span. -
Observance: Muslims in Bosnia
"Strangers find great difficulty in distinguishing between the Christians and the Turks in Bosnia, for both wear turbans, embroidered waistcoats, loose open jackets, zouave trousers gathered at the knee, and heel-less shoues with toes turned up" (Malcolm 167-8) -
Bosnia annexed from Austro-Hungary rule
-Serbs upsetted over the annexation
-Turmoil in the Balkans carried over to WWI -
Austro-Hungarian and Turkish government deal over Bosnia
-Austro-Hungary would a"quire full rights over Bosnia" and "guarantee full religious freedom over Bosnian Muslims" (Malcolm 151) -
Youth movement
-Slavic students want a unified Yugoslavia
-Muslims were in favor of the separation becuase who knew what it would do to Muslims in Bosnia? -
Period: to
WWI
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Tension between Bosnian Muslims and surrounding peoples
-Muslims treated terribly during the war -
Ethnic Cleansing
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- 1,000 Muslim men killed, 76 women burnt to death, 270 villages pillaged by Serbian troops (Malcolm 162)
- Launch of the Muslim Organization, Yugoslav Muslim Organization, Muslim Union, and most importantly the Yugosla Muslim Organization -
Identity crisis
-Trouble over Muslim identifying as Croats or Serbs in Bosnia
-Yugoslav Muslim Organization recommended that Muslims should identify with whichever nation offers them the best chance of economic development (Malcolm166)
-Muslim's defended their identity better than other Bosnian groups -
Muslim attire
-Reis ul-ulema (Muslim religious organisor), Čausšević, argued against replacing the fez and women wearing veils, "veiling was just a custom, not a religious duty" (Malcolm 167) -
Observances: Muslims in Bosnia
"Everywhere veiled women, peasants and aristocrats, jostle with their Christian sisters as they pass from stall to stall..." (E.E.R Gedye, New York Times)
