The Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire

330

• the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe -During the mid 6th century, the Plague of Justinian wiped out roughly a third of the empire's population -The Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 from the Fourth Crusade, when it was dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms

Clovis

500

-most of the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by states ruled by German Kings such as Clovis
-he established a powerful Frankish kingdom that streched from the Pyreness in the southwest to German lands in the east

Hijrah

Jan 1, 622

-the journy muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina
-this event marks the first year on the islamic calander

Prophet Muhammad

Jan 1, 632

• Considered to be the founder of islam -belived to be a prophet of god -Born in Mecca to a merchant family-While praying he received the revelations from God from the Angel Gabriel-These revelations were later recorded in the Quran-To avoid persecution from polytheistic Arabs early on Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina.-Muhammad was a political and spiritual leader

Abu Bakr

Jan 1, 633

-Sucessor to Muhammad
-Wealthy merchant who was muhammad's father in law
-Under Abu Bakar's rule The islamic movent began to grow
conqured the entire persian empire by 650

Umayyads

Jan 1, 661

-Led by Mu’awiyah-Created the Caliphate (office of the Caliph)-Moved the Capitol from Madina to Damascus in Syria-Arab empire spreads throughout North Africa and into Spain

Damascus

Jan 1, 661

• was create under the Umayyad's by Mu'awiyah the newly pronunced Caliph

Charlemagne

Jan 1, 742

-Charlemagne (Charles theGreat) was born on April 2, 742, in NorthernEurope.
-"By the sword and the cross," he became master of Western Europe.
-Through his enlightened leadership the roots of learning and order were restored to Medieval Europe

Abbasid

Jan 1, 750

-Abu al-Abbas was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle.
-Capitol moved from Damascus to Baghdad
-Golden age of the Arab Empires
-Caliph Harun al-Rashid embraced art and literature
-Center of trade

Baghdad

Jan 1, 762

• this new city was biult by the Abbasid's and lied on the Tigris river a ideal trading post -located on the caravan route from the Mediterranean Sea to central Asia
• it also sparked the "Golden Age of Islamic Society"

Seljuk Turks

Jan 1, 1000

-Hired by the Fatimid Dynasty
-They were nomadic people that converted to Islam and prospered in the Abbasid Empire
-Slowly the Seljuk Turks began to grow more powerful and eventually conquered Baghdad
-The Sultan (holder of power) became the political leader and the Caliph became the spiritual leader

William of Normandy

Jan 1, 1066

-defeated king Harold with a army of heavly armed knights at the battle of Hastings.
-William was then crowned king
- he combined Anglo-Saxon and Nrman institutions to create a new England

Battle Of Hastings

Jan 1, 1066

-Battle that took place between William of Normandy And King Harold
- William's heavly armed knights were able to defeat King Harold's soldiers giving him the right to the crown

Pope Urban II

Jan 1, 1088

• born Otho de Lagery -was pope from 12 March 1088 until his death on 29 July 1099 -He is best known for starting the First Crusade (1096–1099) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church

Crusades

Jan 1, 1096

Cause -1050 A.D. the Seljuk Turks invaded theByzantine Empire.
-The Turks had converted to Islam and had taken almost all Byzantine lands in Asia Minor as well as the Holy Land (Jerusalem).
Goals
-Religious Goal: Recapture the holy land-Military Goal: Stop Muslim attacks on the Byzantine Empire-Political Goal: Demonstrate how the Catholic Church was stronger than the Orthodox Church

Crusades

Jan 1, 1096

Effects -Trade: Merchants who lived in the Early Crusader states expanded trade as far as southeast Asia benefitting all in Europe.
-Society: For those who remained home, especially women, the Crusades gave them the opportunity to manage affairs on the estate or operate shops and inns on their own
-The Church: With the failure of almost all the Crusades the Church’s power in Europe began to decline.

The Mongols in the Middle East

Jan 1, 1160

-Where a nomadic civilization
-Kublai Khan’s brother Hulegu conquered and destroyed Baghdad
-Hulegu hated Muslims
-Over time Mongol rulers intermarried with the Arabs and converted to Islam
-The Arab empire begins to collapse and the center Islamic Civilization moves to Egypt

King John

Jan 1, 1199

-During his rule, England lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire
-The baronial revolt at the end of his rulen led to the signing of the Magna Carta

Magna Carta

Jan 1, 1215

-a group of nobles Cornered King John a meadow and Forced him to put his seal to a document called the Magna Carta on June 1215 in Runnymede, outside of London

7 Ideas of The Magna Carta
-King has to obey the law-The king can be removed from power if he doesn’t obey the law-Must consult nobles before raising taxes-He cannot take peoples private property-Leave Church matters to the Pope-Due Process of Law
Trial by Jury

Cairo

Jan 1, 1300

-By the fourteenth century the Mongol empire had begun to split into seprate kingdoms
-Due to the destruction of Baghdad a new capitol city was needed so the Mongols established one in Cairo, Egypt

The Black Death

Jan 1, 1348

-one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350
-it travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346.
-the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60 percent of Europe's population
- It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover

Roman Empire

Jan 1, 1453

-characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia
-After the collapse of central government in the West in the 5th century, the eastern half continued as what would later be known as the Byzantine Empire.

Spanish Inquisition

Jan 1, 1480

• a tribunal established in 1480 by Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
• It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval Inquisition which was under Papal control -The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam

Holy Roman Empire

Mar 2, 2022

-The Holy Roman Empire proclaimed itself to be the successor of the Western Roman Empire under the doctrine of translatio imperii
- the Empire consisted of hundreds of smaller sub-units, principalities, duchies, counties, Free Imperial Cities and other domains
- Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty
-The last Holy Roman Emperor was Francis II

Golden Age of Islamic Society

Mar 2, 2022

-During this time period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education
-it began with the biulding of Baghdad and lasted up to 1258 (the Mongol conquest of Baghdad)
-this was also a period of great advancement in the arts and arcitecture

Emperor Justinian

Mar 2, 2022

-he was a Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565.
-he sought to revive the fading western half of clasic rome
-he formed Corpus Juris Civilis the basis to most civil law

Fudalism

Mar 2, 2022

-There is no reliable money to have a system of payment for service.-So Kings had to establish a system of payment to ensure their lands were protected.
-there was a ranking system as to how things were run first kings then nobles followed by lords then came knights and lastly pesents