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Muhammah was born in 570 in Mecca. After a visitation by the angel Gaberial, he recieved revelation from Allah. He spent his life preaching about these revelations. The religion, he founded was Islam and the revelation were written in the Koran. Before, his death in 632, Islam was beginning to spread throughtout the Arab pennisula.
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Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, became first caliph (successor) after Muhammad died. He suppressed factional enemies, by unifying the Arabs by using the razzia. These turned into jhads to expand Muslim territory. They were motived to do this by their Zeal coming from their common faith.
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Muslim armies took over the Fertile Crescent, expanding the empire. Abu Bakr was successed by Umar as caliph and then Uthman became caliph after him. In 650, Uthman had the Qu'ran written down.
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Ali became the 4th caliph succeeded by Mu'awyia. Mu'awyia made the caliphate hereditary in his family establishing the Umayyad caliphate. The capital was moved to Damascus.
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The Battle of Poitiers, also known as the Battle of Tours ended the Muslim advancement into Western Europe. The Muslims retreated from France and never came back with such force.
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The Umayyad dynasty ended when a descendent of Muhammad over threw it, establishing the Abbasid dynasty. In 762, the capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad. Abbasid dynasty brought prosperity, interaction with other cultures and expantion into the Roman Empire. Caliph became wealither and treated more like kings.
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The empire had weakened and the Turks invaded from central Asia and took Baghdad. Turkish leaders held the little suitan.
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In 1071, The Byzantine Empire fell to the Turks.
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The Mogols seized Baghdad. This ended the Abbasid dynasty.
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"Timeline of Islam." - ReligionFacts. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. The Essential World History. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Print.
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Alli's son, Hussein and his supporters defeated Umayyad rule. They disputed the Umayyad rights to be Caliphs. Hussein and his followers became known as the Shi'ites. They believed that only descendents of Muhammad should be caliphs. Sunni Muslim believed caliphs should be elected by Muslim leaders.
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Arabic became the offical language of Muslims and Arab coinage is established with further unify the emperor.
