Islamic Spain and the Inquisition

Umayyad Conquest

711

In less than a century after the establishment of Islam came the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia. Lead by general Tariq ibn-Ziyad. Of which came the time period known as the Islamic Golden Age, which was on of innovation, art, and culture. With a collection of territories now known as Al-Andalus. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)

Fall of Umayyad rule in Syria to Abbasids

750

One survivor, Abd al-Rahman I, escaped to Spain where he re-built the capital of Cordoba, and established rule there. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)

Establishment of Umayyad Dynasty in Spain

756

Abd al-Rahman I (reigned 756–88) and established the emirate of Cordoba, founding the Umayyad dynasty of Spain. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)

Caliphate Declaration

929

Abd ar-Rahman III declares himself Caliph, initiating independence from the Abbasid Caliphate. This period in time is considered the height of Islamic culture and power in Al-Andalus. (https://www.visit-andalucia.com/independent-emirate-al-andalus/)

End of Umayyad Rule in al-Andalus

1031

Following civil wars, al-Andulus was fragmented into smaller kingdoms known as Taifas. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)

Toledo Falls

1085

Alfonso VI of Castile captures Toledo This marks a significant Christian effort advance. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKsgOb8oe-4)

A Helping Hanfd from the Almoravids

1090

WIth Muslin kingdoms weaker than ever the Almoravids came from Nothern Africa with forces to take back much of what is now Portugal and Spain from christian efforts. (https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/almoravids-al-murabitun-1040ce-1147ce/)

Almohad conquest of al-Andalus

1147

When the last Almoravid king, Ishaq ibn Ali, was killed in Marrakesh by the Almohad Caliphate they replaced the Almoravids as the ruling dynasty in North Africa and al-Andalus. (https://www.visit-andalucia.com/almoravid-dynasty-al-andalus/)

French Inquisition

1209

It was a series of actions taken by the Catholic Church to combat heresy in the Languedoc region of Southern France, particularly targeting the Cathars, a dualistic Christian movement considered heretical by the Church. (https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/heresy-inquisition-and-society-southern-france-c-1150-1300)

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

1212

This marked a giant victory for Christian forces as it meant a massive weakening of muslim foroes in al-Andalus. (https://www.andalucia.com/spainsmoorishhistory/las-navas-de-tolosa.htm)

Seville Falls

1248

Alfonso X of Castile, captures Seville, a crucial victory for the Christian Reconquista. (https://www.catholictextbookproject.com/post/seville-falls-to-the-arms-of-a-saint-november-23-1248)

Nasrid Dynasty

1333

Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, established the Nasrid dynasty in Granada, ruling until the fall of the city in 1492. Which took over the Almohads as the main ruling muslim dynasty. (https://www.archnet.org/collections/2367

Nicolas Eymeric

1357

He was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Spain and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum, that mostly summarized previous texts and mores. (https://dbpedia.org/page/Nicholas_Eymerich)

The Pogroms of 5151

1391

The massacres of 1391, which became known in Jewish history as the pogroms of 5151, marked the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of Spanish jewry. The bloody attacks against the Jews began in Seville. (https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112389/jewish/The-Massacres-of-5151.htm)

Foundation of the Spanish Inquisition

1478

The Spanish Inquisition was founded in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. Pope Sixtus IV authorized the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella, the "Catholic Monarchs" of Spain (https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish_Inquisition)

First Auto de Fe

1481

"Auto da fe" means "Act of Faith." The first Spanish auto-da-fe was held in 1481, when six men and six women, who refused to repent of alleged backsliding, were burned at the stake. (https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1201-1500/first-spanish-auto-da-fe-11629890.html)

Treaty of Granada

1491

The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified in 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, and Aragon. This effectively completed the Christian reconquest of Spain. Marking the end of the last remaining muslim ruled territory. (https://www.vaguelyinteresting.co.uk/25-november-1491-the-treaty-of-granada-is-signed/)

Fall of Granada

1492

The defeated Muḥammad XII sat in the throne room of the Alhambra where he handed over the keys of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom of Spain, to Castilian authority and the last Muslim dynasty of Al-Andalus came to an end. (https://www.archnet.org/collections/2367)

Decree of Alhambra

1492

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain established the Alhambra Decree, also known as the Edict of Expulsion, which gave Jews little time to leave the country or convert to Catholicism. Some chose to convert and practice Judaism in secret, but many were found and executed. (https://mjhnyc.org/events/the-history-of-antisemitism-the-alhambra-decree/

95 Theses

1517

Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. The “95 Theses” were written in 1517 by a German priest and professor of theology named Martin Luther. It marked the beginning of the break away of the Catholic church and also being instrumental in the foundation of the Protestant Reformation. (https://www.gotquestions.org/95-theses.html)