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Gantt Chart
Henry Laurence Gantt developed the Gantt Chart in 1910. This chart served as a project schedule from starting dates to the finising dates of a project. The Gantt Chart helped with organizing projects and having a clear finish time to follow. This project management tool is still used today.
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Scientific Management
Frederick W. Taylor was considered the father of management thought. He was known for defining the techniques of scientific management. Scientific Management is defined as "the systematic study of relationships between people and the tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency." His principle was to select workers who acquire the skills that match the needs of the task and have them perform at high levels of efficiency.
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Fordism
Henry Ford changed manufacuring forever by deveopling the moving conveyer belt. Although the conveyer belt worked great for mass production the workers hated it. Ford was experiencing huge employee turnovers, employees couldn't handle the stress. Henry recognized the problems and reduced the hours in the workday and doubled the wages. He bacame famous for this approach and the word Fordism was coined to him.
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Fayol's Principles of Management
Fayol described 14 principles that he "believed to be essential to increase efficiency of the management process." These principles are very important and still used today in management theory and research.
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Decentralization
"Pierre S. Du Pont created a decentralized management structure to cope effectively with the company's widely varying products and markets, an approach adopted at DuPont just a year later."
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Theory of Bureauracy
Max Weber developed the principle of bureaucracy "which is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness."
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The Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo becomes the first to question the behavioral assumptions of scientific management. The studies concluded that human factors were often more important than physical conditions in motivating employees to greater productivity.
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Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker Follett was considered the mother of management thought. Mary argued that since the workers weere the ones doing their job everyday, they had more knowledge on their job that they should be more inviolved with the decision making. Also that managers should allow them to partake in the work development process more. Mary said that, "authority should go with knowledge"
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Theory X & Theory Y
After World War II, Douglas McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y which pertains to the theory of workers. "Theory X assumes that the average workers is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. Theory Y assumes that workers are not inherently lazy, do not naturally dislike eork, and if given the opportunity, will do what is good for the organization."
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow had said that he believed that people try to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs, and physiological needs. Maslo's Hierarchy of Needs provided a framework for gaining employees' commitment.
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Quantitative Approach
The quanitative Approach used quantitative techniques to improve decision making. This approach evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions develped for military problems during World War II.
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Peter Drucker
Peter Drucker wrote The Practice of Management and introduced 5 basic roles of management. Part of his reading read: "The first question in discussing organization structure must be: What is our business and what should it be? Organization structure must be designed so as to make possible the attainment of objectives of the business for five, ten, fifteen years hence."
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The Internet
"The internet is a global system of computer networks that is easy to join and is used by employees of organizations around the world to communicate inside and outside their companies. Over 245 million people in the United States alone use the internet." The internet changed how most companies conduct business today.
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Growth Share Matrix
Boston Consulting Group introduced the Growth Share Matrix which defines the relationship between market share and market growth.
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Contigency Theory
The contigency theory was developed by Tom Burns, G. M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence, and Jay Lorsch. The main message behind the Contingency Theory is that "there is no one best way to organzie."
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Equal Pay Act
This Act made it so that men and women were paid equally when performing the same/equal work.
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
This Civil Roghts Acts restricts employers from discriminating against people due to their race, sex, color, or national origin when it comes to making employment decisions. Which can include hiring, firing, pay, promotions, and working conditions.
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Management Grid
"Robert Blake and Jane Mouton developed a management model that conceptualizes management styles and relations. Their Grid uses two axis. "Concern for people" is plotted using the vertical axis and "Concern for task" is along the horizontal axis. The notion that just two dimensions can describe a managerial behavior has the attraction of simplicity."
(Big Dog & Little Dog, 2004) -
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Restricts employers from discriminating against workers over the age of 40, and restricts mandatory retirement.
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Pregnancy Discrimination Act
Prohibits discrimination against women in employment decisions when they are pregnant, during childbirth, or other related medical decision.
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The Five Forces
Michael Porter wrote, "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy" Which outlines the five forces that effect competitive positioning.
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Total Quality Management
Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses on improving the quality of an organization's products and stresses that all of an organization's value chain activities should be directed toward this goal.
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Americans with Disability Act
Prohibits discrimmination against disabled individuals in employment decision. The act also requires employers to make the necessary accomidations for disabled workers to make it possible to perform their duties.
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Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act is simmilar to the Title VII of the Civil rights Act. Though this act prohibits discrimination and awards those who have been discriminated with punitive and compensary damages, in addition to pay back.
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Family and Medical Leave Act
The Family and Medical Leave Act requires the employers to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for medical nd family reasons, including paternity and illness of a family memeber.
(Jones, 2014)
