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Scientific Management Theory Established
Frederick W. Taylor observed, experimented, and studied people at work in order to improve workplace efficiency. His four main goals are to study workers to gather knowledge about how they perform tasks, codify these methods into written rules, match the worker's skills and abilities with the task at hand, establish an acceptable level of performance, and develop a pay system. -
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history and evolution of Mangement
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Ford Corporation Founded
Henry Ford is still regarded as a model of charismatic management leadership. He viewed issues from various perspectives and was a firm believer in the power of enthusiasm. Ford was concerned with the "good of the whole" when designing a low-cost vehicle rather than a luxurious one. Ford recognised the importance of a company's unity of purpose and set the standard for future businesses. -
using science in mangement (Railroads go Scientific)
Harrington Emerson was hired by the Santa Fe Railroad to restructure their Topeka, Kansas City shops. He was specifically instructed by the company to "increase output without increasing shop equipment." Prior to his arrival, the railroad prioritised high-quality materials and machinery power. The company encouraged its employees to work faster but provided no tools to help them do so. Emerson implemented specialisation, standardisation, and centralization policies. -
Theory of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is the use of rules and regulations to keep an organisation in order. Bureaucracies are necessary in large organisations because they allow for decision-making and resource allocation. However, critics of bureaucratic theory argue that it ignores the creativity and innovation required for success in today's world! Max Weber is the man who started it in 1910 and saw it through to publication in 1922. -
Carnegie's Principles of Leadership
Dale Carnegie was a man who believed strongly in the importance of teaching people how to interact with one another in business and in everyday life. He created leadership principles that have since evolved into global training and consulting programmes. Authenticity, effective communication, motivation, sincerity, teamwork, and listening are some of his core values. -
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Frederick Taylor and his Scientific Management methods were followed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Their research contributed to the time-and-motion study, which aimed to maximise organisational efficiency. Eventually, Gilbreth's research led them to the conclusion that certain physical workplace characteristics, such as lighting, colour, and heating, have an effect on worker fatigue. -
Administrative Management Theory
Henri Fayol was the CEO of Comambault Mining in France. He co-created one of the two theories that administrative management is based on with Max Weber. Fayol developed 14 principles he believed were essential for running a successful organisation. He agreed with Weber's principles but stressed the importance of the informal role of authority in business. Fayol was also a proponent of treating employees fairly and with dignity. -
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT THEORY
• The contingency management theory is an organisational theory that asserts that there is no best way to organise a company, lead it, or make decisions. Instead, the best course of action is contingent (reliant) on the internal and external circumstances.
• The theory discusses:
1)1) Organizations are open systems that require careful management to satisfy and balance internal needs while also adapting to changing environmental conditions.
2) There is no one best method or organization -
Myers-Briggs Indicator
This psychological instrument was created to identify and measure individual preference differences. The way a person acts and thinks reveals their personality preferences. This tool can be used to organise and match people's differences with their personality type. It has been useful in the business world to explain leadership behavior and assist organisations in selecting appropriate managerial personalities. -
Behavioral Management Theory
Mary Parker Follett made significant contributions to an organization's more human behavioural aspects. She was of the opinion that a manager's behaviour in the workplace can have a significant impact on an employee's performance. Follett was a proponent of employee empowerment and self-management teams. She stated that "authority should go with knowledge" and argued that a worker's opinions and experience should be taken into account when developing work processes -
Human Relations Movement
The human relations movement is based on the idea that when supervisors receive proper managerial behaviour training, their subordinates will be more productive and cooperative. Managers must also understand the operations and behaviours of informal organisations. This approach arose from the research known as the Hawthorne studies. -
Management by Walking Around
David Packard and Bill Hewlett urged managers to leave their offices and walk around the workplace, conversing with their employees. They were discouraged from starting conversations about their financial situation. Management's Brief History -
Theory Y
Douglas McGregor's second set of assumptions is known as Theory Y. Unlike theory x, these managerial attitudes are based on positive assumptions about an organization's employees. A management style based on this theory will encourage employees to be creative, self-directed, and to take personal initiative at work. A manager's role is to support and encourage their employees rather than to control them. -
Theory X
Douglas McGregor's first set of assumptions was Theory X. In an attempt to explain how managers' attitudes and behaviours at work affect how they treat others. Theory x is a set of negative assumptions that, if accepted by managers, will influence them to exert the greatest amount of control over their employees. The assumption that employees are lazy will lead managers to closely supervise employees and implement strict rules and systems. -
Management Science Theory
Management science theory is also referred to as mathematical, quantitative, and operational research. Management science theory focuses on the use of mathematics and statistics to make decisions and solve management problems. This theory focuses on solving technical problems rather than interpersonal issues. In order to analyse the problems, computer programmes are used. -
Contingency Theory
Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence, and Jay Lorsch developed this theory. Based on the principle "there is no one best way to organize," this concept teaches managers that the control system they use is unique to each individual organization. -
Open Systems Theory ( Recycling)
Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson developed this theory, which looked closely at how an open system organization takes external resources and converts them into goods and services that are then purchased by customers and returned to the environment. The revenue generated by this system is used to acquire more external resources, thereby perpetuating the cycle. -
Organizational Environment Theory
This theory focuses on an organization's external environment and how it influences a manager's decision-making about how to best utilize resources. Certain forces and conditions can make it difficult for a manager to obtain resources such as raw materials and skilled workers, increasing the effort required to financially provide for a company. -
The Servant as Leader
Robert Greenleaf created this concept in order to create a more harmonious and thriving workplace environment. Greenleaf believed that effective leaders are those who listen to their followers and strive to meet their needs. According to this theory, by being a servant leader, your subordinates will willingly choose to follow you, benefiting the organizational society as a whole. -
Theory Z
The theory of William Ouchi In the United States, Z is known as Japanese management theory. The goal is to foster trusting communal relationships that will aid in the development of organizational sensitivity to one another. Individual freedom and group cohesion coexist in this mixed model. Companies that use this management theory can be identified by their low turnover and high employee loyalty and morale. -
Proactive Environmental Management
Proactive Environmental Management, which some regard as the new industrial revolution, is the result of society's demand on the government and corporations for pollution control and environmental cleanup. This system combines five major approaches: waste minimization and prevention, demand-side management, environmental design, product stewardship, and full-cost accounting. -
Learning Organization
The Learning Organization is a popular current management concept. A learning organization is one that is capable of creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, as well as changing its behaviour to reflect new knowledge and insights. S. J. Porth and J. McCall (2001). The similarities and differences between contemporary management theories and Catholic social teaching -
Bill Gates Management Theory
BIll Gates has 9 Aspects outlined that attribute to his management style.
- Create the correct culture
- Develop a Clear Vision
- Hire Action-oriented employees
- Relax and feel at home
- Image is everything
- Success may be built on failure
- Keep the team on it's toes
- Ruthlessly protect your budget
- Stop the mad bureaucracy -
Bureaucratic Management Theory
Max Weber is the founder of the theory of bureaucratic management. Weber concentrated on organizing organizations into hierarchies and establishing clear lines of authority and control. -
L= P+Q
L= P+Q stands for learning occurs from programmed questions and insightful questions. It is a good way to learn and improve an organization. "A Timeline of Management. -
Lean Practices of Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a quality initiative pioneered by Motorola in 1986. Six Sigma employs statistical analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data to determine how to improve processes to the Sixth Sigma Degree (100% improvement). -
Management Science Theory
Management Science Theory identifies the maximum use of resources with quantitative data via 4 branches. Overall, in this mathematical approach, management is shown as a logical and rational process.
1- Quantitative Management using mathematical techniques
2- Operations Management to use techniques to analyze
3- Total Quality Management to increase product quality from the inside out
- Management Information Systems to provide managers
information about internal operations -
• Why study management theories?
1) Managers should be interested in learning management theories because it helps them maximise their productivity. Ideally, the theories teach leaders how to maximise the human resources at their disposal. Rather than investing in new equipment or a new marketing strategy, business owners should invest in their employees through training.
2) Take responsibilitya and Assume work as a natural part of life and solve work issues imaginatively.