-
Scientific Management
F.W Taylor publishes the book "The Principles of Scientific Management.' He describes the technique of Scientific Managment, which is defined as "the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency" (Jones 39) .Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Fordism
To battle the high employee turnover and absenteeism on his assembly lines, Henry Ford started making big changes to his management practices. Employee work hours were reduced, and at the same time wages were increased. These factors allowed employees to become customers and eventually led to mass consumption. (Jones 43) Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Fayol's 14 Principals of Management
Fayol published his "14 Principals of Management" which he believed to be "essential to increase the efficiency of the management process" Jones, 47). These principals still remain extremely important and are used in most recent management theory and research. Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Theory of Bureaucracy
Max Weber develops the Theory of Bureaucracy. To help Germany manage its growing industrial enterprises while it was striving to become a world power, Weber developed the principals of bureaucracy which is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness (Jones 45). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
The Hawthorne Studies
From 1924 to 1932, various studies were conducted on how to improve characteristics of the work setting. At the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company, now known as the Hawthorne Studies, was involved in such research. Specifically studied was how the level of lighting or illumination affected worker fatigue and performance (Jones, 52). (Jones 39). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Management by Wandering Around
David Packard and Bill Hewlett form Hewlett-Packard. Their supervisory style, "Management by Wandering Around," encourages bosses to leave their offices and chat with their employees. (They're discouraged from starting conversations with "So, I was enjoying some foie gras on my yacht the other day....") Tanz, Jason. "A Brief History of Management." CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 1 Oct. 2003. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/10/01/353427/. -
Theory X and Y
Following World War II, Douglas McGregor developed two sets of assumptons about the behavior of workers. Theory X stated that the average worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. Theory Y, on the other hand, states that workersare not inherrently lazy, do not naturally dislike work, and if given opportunity, will do what is good for the organization (Jones, 54). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irw -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is published in his book Motivation and Personality. This provides a framework for gaining employees' commitment (Jones, 412). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Quantitative Approach
Technique which involves the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. This approach applies statistics, optimization models, information modela, and computer simulation to management activities. The quantitative approach increased the popularity of break-even analysis, economic order quantity, material requirements planning, and quality management (Jones, 2014). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
The INTERNET
The internet is a global system of computer networks that is easy to join and is used by employees of organizations around the world to communicate inside and outside of their companies. This development has been the biggest factor in the growth of globalization (Jones, 513). .Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
The Open-Systems View
Developed in the 1960s by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson, the Open-Systems View looked at an organization as an open system, which is a system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers (Jones 56). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Contingency Theory
Developed in the 1960s by Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence, and Jay Lorsch, the Contingency Theory's main idea is "that there is no one best way to organize" (Jones, 57). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Equal Pay Act
The Equal Pay Actrequires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work in the same establishment. The jobs need not be identical, but they must be substantially equal. It is job content, not job titles, that determines whether jobs are substatially equal (Society For Human Resource Management). "Equal Pay Act of 1963." SHRM. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. From "http://www.shrm.org/LegalIssues/FederalResources/FederalStatutesRegulationsandGuidanc/Pages/EqualPayActof1963.aspx" -
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
Prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, color, or national origin; covers a wide range of employment decisions, including hiring, firing, pay, promotion, and working conditions (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Prohibits discrimination against workers over the age of 40 and restricts mandatory retirement (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Hofstede's Model of National Culture
Hofstede's model is inteded to itentify similarities and differences in the values and norms of different countries. Based on his research on over 100,000 IBM employees from 64 different countries, Hofstede developed 5 dimensions along which national culture can be placed (Jones, 184). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Juran's Quality Trilogy
Juran was one of the first to write about the cost of poor quality. His "Juran trilogy", an approach to cross-functional management, is composed of three processes: quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. (Wikipedia, n.d.). "Joseph M. Juran." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Juran -
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
Prohibits employment discrimination against women on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical decisions (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Credited to W. Edward Deming, the Total Quality Management technique focuses on improving the quality of an organization's products and stresses that ALL of an organization's value chain should be directed towards this goal. Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Six Sigma
The goal of Six Sigma is to improve a company's quality to only three defects per million by systematically altering the way all the processes involved in value chain activities are performed, and then measuring how much improvement has been made using statistical methods (Jones, 276). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Americans With Disabilities Act
Prohibits employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities and requires that employers make accomodations for such workers to enable them to perform their jobs (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Senge's 5 Principals for Creating a Learning Organization
In 1990, Peter Senge publishes his book "The Fifth Discipline," which describes five principles that managers can use to create a learning organization (Jones, 213). .Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Civil Rights Act
Building on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, This prohibits discrimination (as does Title VII) and allows the awarding of punitive and compensatory damages, in addition to back pay, in cases of intentional discrimination (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
Family and Medical Leave Act
Requires that employers provide 12 weks of unpaid leave for medical and family reasons, including paternity and illness of a family member (Jones, 373). Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Contemporary Management (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. -
The Future of Working for Yourself
Daniel Pink publishes Free Agent Nation: The Future of Working for Yourself, arguing that workers no longer need companies to employ them. A year or two later that proves to be a good thing when many of his readers are pink-slipped. Tanz, Jason. "A Brief History of Management." CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 1 Oct. 2003. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/10/01/353427/.
