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History of Management, The Impact on Sports
This timeline represents how many of the changes in how Business Management is performed, and how the employees are treated has impacted other aspects of culture. In this case, the timeline represents the impacts on the changes that have occurred throughout the sports culture, and how the sports culture has affected Business Management. -
Brotherhood War
After decades of running teams as they wanted, players were placed in a secondary role with the advent of the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (NL) in 1876. This league brought a new management-labor dichotomy to the sport, which placed the players in a subservient role to the owners. Anderson, W. B. (2003) -
Scientific Management Theory
Scientific Management is the study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process into efficiency. The assembly line was developed through this theory. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 38-43. Print. -
Administrative Management Theory
Henri Fayol developed Administrative management. He differed from scientific management because he focused on efficiency through management training and behavioral characteristics. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014.45-51. Print. -
Behavioral Management Theory
The study of how managers should be have to motivate their employees and encourage them to perform at higher levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014.51. Print. -
The 1919 World Series Fix "The 8 Black Sox"
The proposition to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series came from Chicago White Sox first baseman Arnold “Chick” Gandil who was connected with a gambler named Joe Sullivan. Gandil offered Sullivan a proposition: to lose the World Series on purpose. Gandil was able to get eight teammates; Eddie Cicotte, Claude “Lefty” Williams, Oscar “Happy” Felsch, Fred McMullin, “Sleepy” Bill Burns, Charles “Swwede” Risberg, and “Shoeless” Joe Jackson was disputed as a participant. Anderson, W. B. (2003) -
Harold "Red" Grange
Grange was the first highly publicized college athlete to leave college early for a professional sports team. Many saw Grange as the first to truly take his athletic ability forward for a profit, and he did so while abandoning his studies at the University of Illinois. He is said to be the first athlete to use a sports agent for his benefit as he worked with C.C. "Cash and Carry" Pyle as he was known. 1. Harrington, G. (2006). Galloping Ghosts in "Death of a Salesman.” Anq, 19(1), 58-59. -
Management Science Theory
An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 55. Print. -
Management Operant Conditioning Theory
Developed by psychologist B.F. Skinner, this is the theory that employees learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 420. Print. -
Centennial Celebration
Since the game of baseball would be one hundred years old in 1939, many Major League Baseball officials wanted to celebrate the national pastime's centennial in grand style. Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis hired a New York based public relations firm, Steve Hannngan & Associates, looked to develop the campaign to promote the game's birthday. This public relations campaign marked a shift during the 1930s toward increased efforts to communicate with baseball's audiences.Anderson, W. B.(2003) -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people seek to satisfy five basic needs. He arranged these five basic needs that, according to Maslow, motivate behavior into a hierarchy. Beginning with the highest level to lowest level of needs are: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 412-413. Print. -
Organizational Environmental Theory
The theory that the set of forces and conditions that exist outside the workplace can affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 56-58. Print. -
Border Battle for Baseball
Jorge Pasquel began pursuing the top major league stars in 1946. At this time the MLB did not have integrated teams. He eventually signed 18 players, including Cardinal pitchers Max Lanier and Freddie Martin, Dodgers Mickey Owen and Luis Olmo, Giant pitcher Sal Maglie and Danny Gardella, all of whom were promptly banned from returning to the majors. In Mexico they joined an eight-team league full of blacks and dark-skinned Cubans. Anderson, W. B. (2003) -
Integration of Major League Baseball
Jackie Robinson became the first African-American baseball player to play in the MLB breaking through with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Not only did he play, but he played very well. Many other teams made it difficult for him through slang terms, and many other disadvantages. Although his passion for the game was far too strong to hold him back. He was just a winner that had a deep passion for competing. This is more than just a game though, this is “America’s Past Time". Rubinstein, W. D. (2003). -
Mark McCormack and Arnold Palmer
McCormack became to be what many saw as one of the most powerful men in sports. A former lawyer turned sports agent, his first client was Arnold Palmer in 1960. He is one of the main influences to the current day golf and tennis circuits or tours as they are called. His actions through his life implemented many of the Business management principles that have been continuously changing throughout his lifetime. He founded the International Management Group. 2. Price, S. L. (2003). -
Management Social Learning Theories
A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s thoughts and beliefs, and their observations of other people. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 423-424. Print. -
Management Expectancy Theory
The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 409. Print. -
Management Equity Theory
A theory of motivation that focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 416-417. Print. -
Management Need Theories
David McClelland helped create need theories with his belief that people need needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. These theories describe needs that people try to satisfy at work. This gives managers insights about what outcomes motivate members of an organization to perform at a high level and contribute inputs to help the organization achieve its goals. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 412. Print. -
Title VII ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any individual with respect to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of the individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Stone, K. (2013). Decoding Civility. Berkeley Journal Of Gender, Law & Justice, 28(2), 185-231. -
Management Goal Setting Theory
A theory that has managers focus on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 418-419. Print. -
Alderfer's ERG Theory
In the late 1960's Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory collapsed Maslow's hierarchy of needs to three universal categories: existence, relatedness, and growth. Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that a person can be motivated by more than one level at the same time, which is why he collapsed the five needs to three. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 414. Print. -
Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Frederick Herzberg focused on hygiene and a manager’s need to take steps to be sure this hygiene at the work place is appropriate. Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory distinguishes between motivator needs (related to work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed) and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and to satisfaction to be high. Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 414. Print. -
"Battle of the Sexes"
Billie Jean King is one of the most dominant female atheletes throughout all of history. Her biggest moment came on this date as she took on former mens champion, Bobby Riggs. Riggs was known for mockin women'ts sports. Forty million tuned in to watch King slam Riggs in three straight sets. This was just recently after the ban on gender discrimination in federally funded educational programs had passed(Title IX). This led to the creation of the first tennis tour for women.(Hughes, Ellen) -
The 1975-76 Major League Baseball Labor Dispute
After World War II many industries faced growing labor power. Rebounding from federal government intervention during World War II, union membership became strong in the post war years. Union workers gained a measure of security against old age, unemployment, and the right to fair treatment at the workplace. This was no different in baseball, players were beginning to question certain aspects of their well-being. This began a new era in all of the major sports leagues. Anderson, W. B. (2003) -
Uniform Athlete Agents Act
This act governs relations among student athletes, athlete agents, and educational institutions. It protects the interests of student athletes and academic institutions by regulating the activities of athlete agents. Smith, J. M. (2012). Increasing Penalties to Catch California's First Unscrupulous Athlete Agent. Mcgeorge Law Review, 43(3), 538-551. -
Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act (SPARTA)
The Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act (SPARTA) became federal law on September 24, 2004. The purpose of SPARTA is to regulate "unfair and deceptive acts and practices in connection with the contact between an athlete agent and a student-athlete." SPARTA is enforced by the Federal Trade Commission. 6. Smith, J. M. (2012). Increasing Penalties to Catch California's First Unscrupulous Athlete Agent. Mcgeorge Law Review, 43(3), 538-551. -
Jason Collins
Recently Collins was signed by the Brooklyn Nets, becoming the first openly gay athlete while active in one of America's four major sports leagues (NBA, NFL, NHL, MLB). Collins is an aging veteran that may not last long on the Nets, although currently his number 98 jersey is top selling in the NBA. He wears 98 in rememberence of Matthew Shepard, a gay student athelete at the University of Wyoming beaten to death in 1998. ARATON, H. (2014, February 24).
