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The south-western region of Bahr-al-Ghazal was one of the most prominent centers of slave trading on the African continent.
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Foregin traders encouraged hostile tribal groups to raid each other for treasure including ivory and slaves.
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The "Jallaba", a group of northern Muslim traders mostly from the Ja'aliyyin and Danagla tribes of the Nle valley, came in increasing numbers Sudan, especially northern Bahr al Ghazal, which became an important source of slaves.
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A series of laws, the Closed Districts Ordinance placed tight controls across the South, the Nuba Mountains, Darfur and Southern Blue Nile, whose people - after pacification - were now regarded as needing protection.
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Southern Policy was abandoned after the Juba Conference organized by the colonial government, at which Southern chiefs agreed with northern nationalities to persue a united Sudan. A crash program of intergation followed.
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In the eyes of Southerners, "Sudanization" was effectively "Northernization". Southerners were not represented at the 1953 Cairo Conference on self-rule, on the grounds that they had "no party or organization".
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Southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north were longstanding grievances because of the Shari'a (Islamic Law) in part led to a resumption of the civil war that was held in abeyance since 1972, and the war continues until today.
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Colonel Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiri was overthrown because of a collapsing economy.
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In the first two decades of the 20th century the British conducted a pacification campaign in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains.
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By the end of 2004, and underscored the international community’s intention to assist the Sudanese people and support implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement.
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In keeping with their commitment to the UNSC (United Nations Security Council) , the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A initialed the final elements of the comprehensive agreement on December 31, 2004.
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A peace treaty was signed to help resolve conflict in Sudan. The results of this is as follows: withdrawl of troops from southern Sudan, a ceasefire and resettlement of refugees.
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