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Turko-Egyptian Rule of Sudan
1821-1825
Turkey and Egypt conquered Sudan in 1821. The forces that conquered Sudan were led by Muhammad ‘Ali. In 1885 a group of people from Sudan led by Muhammad Ahmad Ibn’ Abdallah fought Turkey and Egypt and ended the time of Turko - Egyptian rule. But because of this, Sudan had a better trade system with other countries, the start of Arabic language
and culture, the slave trade and the start of Sudanese leaders.
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British Colonization of Sudan
1898 - 1956 Anglo - Egyptian forces conquered the Sudan in 1898. Great Britain controlled Sudan with Egypt. Great Britain improved Sudan with its buildings and schools, laws and helped the government to be more modern. The Egyptians moved away from Sudan in 1924 and left Britain to control Sudan by itself.
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Britain’s Southern Policy in Sudan
When Egypt moved away from Sudan, the Britains decided that South Sudan wasn’t ready for improvement. The Britain then only improved the north. This caused a split in between North Sudan and South Sudan. South Sudan wasn’t allowed to learn Arabic or practice Islam. This was one of the reasons that caused the civil wars in Sudan.
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Sudan’s Independence from Britain
Sudan began fighting for independence from Britain in 1938. Sudan accomplished that goal in 1956. Before Britain went out they helped Sudan make a government. Even though Sudan now has a government with 800 officials, only 4 of the officials are from Southern Sudan. The government’s official language was Arabic and the religion was Islam. That made the south not happy.
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1st Civil War in Sudan
1955-1972
The first civil war lasted for 17 years. The people from the South wanted to separate themselves from the North because of how they were treated. The North received guns, tanks, armored personnel carriers and aircraft from the Soviet Union (Russia).
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Anya Nya is Created
There were many rebels from South Sudan during the first civil war. But the main group of rebels were the Anya Nya. Israel trained the Anya Nya people and also helped by shipping things from Ethiopia and Uganda into South Sudan.
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Nimeiri Becomes President in Sudan
Nimeiri became president in Sudan on May 9th 1969. Nimeiri ruled democratically but he got rid of anybody who rebelled or didn’t agree with him. Nimeiri ended the first civil war, but he started the second civil war by agreeing on a peace agreement.
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Oil is First Discovered in Sudan
Oil was discovered in 1978 at South Sudan. The South Sudanese were really happy because they thought they were going to be rich. But the government had plans to make the oil become the North’s. South Sudan had to purify the oil to be able to sell it to other countries but the purifier was in the North and South Sudan wasn’t close to water. When South Sudan sent the oil to North and the North sold it, most of the credit went to the North.
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SPLM/A is Created
SPLM or the SPLA stands for Southern People’s Liberation Movement or Southern People”s Liberation Army. Those were rebels from the south. The SPLM/A were rebelling because of the Sharia Law that was introduced by Nimeiri. They were the rebel group in the 2nd Civil War.
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2nd Civil War in Sudan
1983-2005
The second civil war of Sudan was related to the first civil war. It happened when Nimeiri created the Sharia Law, some parts of the Sharia Law didn’t agree with the peace agreement that he made in 1972. North Sudan wanted the resources from South Sudan and they were always trying to control the south and the south weren’t happy.This caused 2.5million people dead, 4 million without homes, more than 27,000 boys lost and 1.9 million people from Sudan were killed.
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Major Famine in Sudan
The Major Famine in Sudan started in 1989. Sudan didn’t have enough water and that was both North Sudan and South Sudan. The country got help from other countries but that was too the government. Omar Al-Bashir didn’t give the help to South Sudan because he was scared that he might help the SPLM/A. Omar Al-Bashir left thousand of people that were innocent starving.
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Omar Al-Bashir Becomes President
Omar Al-Bashir overthrew Nimeiri in 1989. He gets the votes for being president because nobody dared go against him and he was the only one who actually signed up for the vote. There were rebels groups like the SPLM/A that used violence but it didn’t work. Omar Al-Bashir is still president until now.
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Darfur Conflict Starts
2003-now The Darfur region which is in the Western part of Sudan. Some of the fur people rebelled with North Sudan because they were ignored and considered as different since they are close to Egypt. The North paid Arab militias to kill and fight the rebels. These people were called Janjaweeds.
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ICC Declares Genocide in Sudan
ICC declared genocide in Sudan because the Janjaweeds killed everybody they saw in the Darfur region, even though they were payed to kill the rebels. They didn’t know who the rebels were so they decided to kill everybody. This was considered as a genocide crime because the Janjaweeds killed and raped people, burnt down houses. There were more than 200,000 innocent people that died. The Janjaweeds normally came on horses.
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South Sudan’s Independence
The southerners were allowed to vote whether or not they want to be an independent country. During January 2011, the votes were clear that the southerners wanted to be an independent country. North Sudan is now called Sudan and South Sudan is still called South Sudan. Sudan is facing some problems because they no longer that the same amount of income from oil.
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