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The Uses of Argument
This was considered to be his most influential work. In this book he looked into the "flaws of traditional logic". In this book he published the Toulmin Model. His thoughts were to create a new method of arguing. His practical agreements meant that each claim would have a lot of justification to back it up. The six sections of this model are claim, ground, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. Originally this type of arguing was intended for Toulmin -
Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts
In this book his big claim is that "conceptual change is an evolutionary process" (Wikipedia). This went completely against Kuhn's work which believed it to be a revolutionary change which resulted from a paradigm shift. He stated that paradigms that were mutual were not able to be compared. He stated that Kuhn only looked at what made the paradigms different and not what made them the same. Toulmin came up with the model of innovation and selection. While Kuhn looks at it from the perspective -
The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning
He cowrote this work with Albert R. Jonsen. In this writing they tried to bring back the use of casuistry which was widely used in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Casuistry uses a method that incudes type cases. When there is any kind of case it would be compared to the type case which would state what the morals are and if it was the same it would pass and if it differed then the case would be looked over until it could come to a result that better fit with the type case. He was trying to -
Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
In this book he tries to understand why the use of universality has become so common. Hs way of thinking is that philosophers and scientists should not try to look for their ideas to be certain. He states that the problem with modern philosophy is the emphasis on abstract or theoretical ideas and completely looking over the practical ones. In this writing he also touched on the morality of modern science and how it has progressed. He points out that we started by trying to figure out how the