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Muhammad was born in 570 to a noble family in Mecca. He was orphaned at the age of six. He was raised under the protection of Abu Talib.
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At the age of 40, Muhammad went on a retreat to a cave near Mecca. There an angel named Gabriel recited the first relevations of the Quran. Muhammad is told to call his people to worship the one God. But his people react and persecute him and his followers. http://www.best-of-european-union.eu/2012/01/03/mylna-cave-awesome-place-in-western-tatras-mountain-in-poland/mylna-cave-tatras-mountain-poland/
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In 622, the local rulers forced Muhammad and his closest followers to leave the city and retreated north to the city of Yathrib, later named Medina. The move from Mecca to Medina was later called Hegira, which marks the first date on the official calander of Islam. Muhammad tried to convert the Jews and Medina to his beliefs but failed. He was successful in winning support from people in the city and Bedouins, creating the first Muslim community of Umma.
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In 630, Muhammad and his people conquered Mecca and converted the townspeople to his faith. He also went to the Ka'aba, were he declared it a sacred place of Islam, and ordered the destruction of the idols of the traditional faith.
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Muhammad dies in 632 just as Islam was starting to spread throughout the peninsula. The death of Muhammad caused a dilemma. The dilemma was that Muhammad had not named a successor. The closest followers selected Abu Bakr, a wealthy merchant from Medina who was Muhammad's father-in-law and one of his first supporters, as caliph.
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Ali is assassinated, bringing to an end the rule of the four "righteous caliphs": Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. This marks the beginning of the Umayyad rule. Mu'awiya, the governer of Syria and one of Ali's chief rivals, replaced him in office.
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Muslims enter Spain in the west and India in the east. Eventually almost the entire Iberian Peninsula had become a Muslim state with its center in Andalusia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Iberian_peninsula_gmt_de.jpg
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In 750, a revolt was led by Abu al-Abbas to overthrow of the Umayyads and the establishment of the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasid caliphs brought political, econonmic, and cultural change to the world of Islam.
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The Abbasids built a new capitlal city of Baghdad, on the Tigris River far to the east of the Umayyad capital at Damascus. The new capital was placed to take advantage of the river traffic to the Persian Gulf.
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The Seljuk Turks were a group of nomadic people who had converted to Islam and flourished as military mercenaries for the Abbasid caliphate. In 1055 a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and continued the command of the empire with the title of holder of power, or Sultan. Converted to Islam, the Turksh rulers for a short time brought an end to the Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims arguments while supporting the Sunnites.
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In 1099, the armies of the First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem. At first, the Muslim rulers in the area were taken aback by invading crusaders.In 1169, Sunni Muslims brought an end to the Fatimid dynasty. In 1187, Salasin's army invaded the kingdom of Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian armies.
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"Time of Islam." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2014.
"Muhammad." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014.
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. "Chapter 7: Ferment in the Middle East: The Rise of Islam." The Essential World History. 6th ed. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. N. pag. Print. -
Baghdad became a huge center for commercial that extended all throughtout Europe and parts of Africa and Asia, adding to the wealth of Islamic world and creating an exchange of culture, ideas, and technology.
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Islam rule had been consolidated by the Arab rule to Mesopotamia, Persia, and northward into Central Asia. Resentment led to revolt, as in Iraq, where Ali's son, Hussein, argued the ligitmacy of the Umayyads and incited his supporters. In the future known as Shi'ites to rise up agiants Umayyad rule in 680. Hussein's forces were defeated and Hussein's died in battle, but a split between Shi'ite and Sunni Muslims had been created.
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