Righteous Caliphs

Wars of apostasy

632

Abu Baker crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda Wars( wars of apostasy). It was the most and first work that Abu Baker start after he was chosen to be caliph. Some people pretended to have prophecy after prophet Mohamed. Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16155332

Election of Abu Bakr to Caliphate

Jun 8, 632

After prophet Muhammad's death, all Muslim elected him to be the successor after the prophet Mohamed and to be the first caliph. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9

The succession of Abu Bakr

Period: Jun 8, 632 to Aug 22, 634

Preservation of the Qur'an

633

Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Qur'an in written form after Ridda wars. Because of the wars of apostasy, it led to the death of a large number of companions from the readers of the Koran and its conservation, Umar ibn al-Khattab pointed to Abu Bakr to collect the verses written on paper, on the skin, on the leaves, on white stones and bones. The death of other Companions can lead to lost more verses. It took two to three years to collect the Koran and put the first full version.

Umar is a caliph

Aug 22, 634

Abu Bakr died. Umar assumed the office of caliph on the same day. Before Abu Baker died, he consulted the people in Omar to be next caliph, Omar ibn al-Khattab has improved the rule and the administration of the state, and the Islamic empire expanded in his era very quickly, and became one of the most famous leaders in Islamic history. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9

Succession of Umar bin al - Khattab

Period: Aug 22, 634 to Nov 3, 644

The conquests of Syria

Sep 19, 634

He sent general Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against the Byzantine Empire in Syria. The Siege of Damascus lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell . Damascus was the first major city of the Byzantine (Roman) empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria. https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/bab-kisan-(the-kisan-gate)-36309.html

Conquest of Jerusalem

637

Umar was given the key to the city by the Greek Orthodox patriarch, Sophronius who surrendered the city on terms that no one be harmed. https://www.islamicity.org/4031/umar-ibn-al-khattab-among-the-most-influential-people-in-history/

Police and security invention

638

Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system that had the messages he sent to Governors and heads of states. https://islamstory.com/-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7

First Islamic currency

639

adopting the Persian inscription and adding to it "Praise be to God" and in some "There is no god but Allah" and on part of it the name "Omar"
https://islamiccoinage.wordpress.com/

Uthman is caliph

Nov 6, 644

Before Umer died, He chose six companions, and asked the people to elect a successor from among them. Uthman was one of them. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9

The succession of Uthman ibn Affan

Period: Nov 6, 644 to Jun 17, 656

Battle of Sufetula

647

A battle between Muslims and Romans in the reign of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan has won the Muslims in a landslide victory, they a victory over the Romans

Collect the Qura'n

647

Uthman gathered the whole Qura'n verses in one book and in one accent, because that time was witnessed a great expansion of the Islamic state. In his reign appeared many copies of the Koran, but it was written in more than one tone, and contrary to the Arabic dialect that revealed the Koran. http://shof.co.il/?mod=articles&ID=46992

Re-conquest of Azerbaijan

649

Azerbaijan was one of the last country was opened by the Muslims in the era of Umar. Azerbaijan forgot about the reconciliation and showed rebellion , When Osman knew about their rebellion, he felt that they must be stopped from this rebellion. https://imamsam.wordpress.com/

Battle of the Masts

654

A naval battle occurred between the Muslims and the Byzantine Empire and ended with the victory of the Muslims. This battle represented the end of the Byzantine state's control of the Mediterranean Sea and the first Muslim naval battle. http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=72532&y=2013

Ali is Caliph

Jun 18, 656

Ali bin Abi Talib was Caliphate in Medina on the day after Uthman was killed. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9

The succession of Ali bin Abi Talib

Period: Jun 18, 656 to Jan 29, 661

The First Fitnah (Rebel)

Nov 7, 656

One of the reason of this battle the capital of Islam moved from Madina to Kufah and the were delay to have revenge form Uthman Killers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel

Battle of Nahrawan

659

a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Kharijites commanded by Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.

Islamic empire

Jan 30, 661

Islamic empire during the era of the Caliphs Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16155332