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The Hawthorne Studies
Initiated by Elton Mayo, studies began at Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company to determine the effects of external factors on production. Ultimately, Mayo discovered that belonging to a group made employees more productive. Chand, S. (2014, February 23). 4 Phases of Hawthorne Experiments – Discussed! Business Management. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/4-phases-of-hawthorne-experiments-discussed-business-management/27888/ -
Chester Barnard
Published "The Functions of the Executive," one of the first books considering the personal and social aspects of leadership.In the book, Barnard analyzes organizations as "cooperative systems" and offers the Inducement-Contribution Theory that describes motivation of employees as being incentive-driven. Barnard, Chester I. (1968). Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Chester_I._Barnard.aspx -
Abraham Maslow
Driven by a desire to learn what motivates people, Maslow created a hierarchy of needs. The five needs, in the order they must be fulfilled are: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. McLeod, S. (2007, September 17). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html -
Lester Coch and John French
In an effort to solve the issue of resistance to necessary changes in methods and jobs at the Harwood Manufacturing Corporation, Coch and French designed a study to determine why people resist change and what can be done to overcome the resistance. Coch, L. and French, J. (1948). Overcoming resistance to change. Human Relations, 1, 512-532. doi: 10.1177/001872674800100408 -
Kurt Lewin
Stuied informal groups and discussed the idea of task interdependence: if a task is created so that members of the group are dependent upn one another for sucess, a powerful group dynamic is created. Smith, M. (2001, June). Kurt Lewin: Groups, experiential learning and action research. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://infed.org/mobi/kurt-lewin-groups-experiential-learning-and-action-research/ -
Frederick Herzberg
While researching employee motivation, Herzberg discovered a dichotomy which he called the "hygeine-motivation theory: what motivates an employee differs in type from that which dissatisfies them. Environmental factors seemed to be to blame for dissatisfaction while it was intrinsic factors that motivated employees. Frederick Herzberg: The Hygiene Motivation Theory Thinker. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://www.mbsportal.bl.uk/taster/subjareas/busmanhist/mgmtthinkers/herzberg.aspx -
Douglas McGregor
In "The Human Side of Enterprise," McGregor proposed two theories on employee motivation, calling them "Theory X" and "Theory Y." Theory X uses more of a control and command approach to managment whereas Theory Y allows employees to participate in decision making. "The Human Side of Enterprise" (1991). Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://www.joelconsulting.com/human_side_of_enterprise.htm
