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The Division of Labor
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nation was published. In the book, he argued the economic advantages of the division of labor or job specialization, which is breaking jobs down into narrow repetitive tasks. Using division of labor productivity would be more efficient and effective. Robins, De Cenzo, Couter (2013). Fundamentals of Management. (7th edition) ,Pearson Education -
Industrial Revolution
Considered the most important pre-twentieth century influenc on management. Creation of factories and corporations that needed someone to take care of tasks such as supplies, workers responsibilities, etc. Person became known as the manager.
Robins, De Cenzo, Couter (2013). Fundamentals of Management. (7th edition) ,Pearson Education -
Mary Parker Follet
Follet proposed that the person that should be in control was the one with more knowledge. According to her the person with the most knowledge should be in command of the process and the managers only serve as coaches. Considered the Mother of Management.
Jones, G., & George, J. (2014). Contemporary management. (8th edition), New York, McGraw- Hill. -
Scientific Management Theory
Frederick W. Taylor releases the book "Principles of Scientific Management", In it he described his theory of scientific management, which was how scientific methods could be used to determine the one best way for a job to be done.
Jones, G., & George, J. (2014). Contemporary management. (8th edition), New York, McGraw- Hill. -
Fordism
Henry Ford comes up with the assembly line combiningspecialization, interchangable parts, and the moving assembly line to form a modern mass production system at Ford Motor Company. Ford controlled both the human and material resources on which his company was established.
Williams, K. (1992). Ford verses 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?. Work, Employment, & Society, 6, no. 4, 517-555 -
Time-and-Motion
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth pioneered time-and-motion study which aimed to analze individual action and break it into component actions, find more efficient ways to perform the component action, and reorganize the component action so the whole action could be carried out more effieciently .
Jones, G., & George, J. (2014). Contemporary management. (8th edition), New York, McGraw- Hill. -
Henri Fayol's Principle of Management
Fayol identifies the 14 principles that he believed essential to increase the efficiency of the management process.
Jones, G., & George, J. (2014). Contemporary management. (8th edition), New York, McGraw- Hill. -
Managing by Committee
Alfred P. Sloan becomes President of Genral Motors and creates a decentralized beauracracy that helps GM's upward growth. This is when the art of delegation is born.
The British Library Board (n.d.) Alfred Sloan. -
Theory of Bureaucracy
Max Webber proposes his Theory of Bureaucracy in which he developed the principles of bureaucracy: a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
Terry, L. (2011). The Management Theory of Max Weber -
The Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo becomes the first to question the behavioral assumptions of scientific management. The studies concluded that human factors were often more important than physical conditions in motivating employees to greater productivity.
Robins, De Cenzo, Couter (2013). Fundamentals of Management. (7th edition) ,Pearson Education -
David Packard and Bill Hewlett
Packard and Hewlett from Hewlett-Packard develop a new supervisory style that encourages bosses to leave their offices and chat with their employees. This is called management by wandering around.
Becher, J (2006). The HP Way. Manage by Walking Around -
Equal Pay Act
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires that men and women in the same workplace get paid the same for the same amount of work.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d. ) The Equal Pay Act of 1963 -
The Civil Rights Act (1964)
This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal.
Ourdocuments (n.d.). The Civil Rights Act (1964) -
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act gives the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue in federal courts when it finds reasonable cause to believe that there has been employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1972) Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 -
Lee Iacocca
Lee Iacocca, CEO of Chrysler, releases "Iacocca: An Autobiography." popularizing the CEO in society.
Iacocca, L., & Novak, W. (1986) Iacocca: An Autobiography. New York, New York: Bantam Books -
Americans With Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act "prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental activities. The ADA also establishes requirements for telecommunications relay services" (United States Department of Labor) -
JIT Manufacturing
Just in time (JIT) inventory is a management system in which materials or products are produced or acquired only as demand requires. This approach to managing inventory has become increasingly popular in the early 21st century as suppliers and retailers collaborate to try to control inventory costs while still meeting customer demands.
IfM Management Technology Policy. (n.d.) JIT Just-in-Time manufacturing -
7 Functions of Management
Social scientists Luther Gulick and L. Urwick describe seven major activities and duties of any higher authority of organization. The acronym POSDCORB is now used to describe the 7 functions of managers
Vashistha, R. (2013, May). Posdcorb: A managerial overview -
8 Steps to Change
As business and theories change and as technologies evolve changes are quicker. This creates the need for a recipe for change.
Kotter, J. (2015The 8-step Process for Leading Change -
Peter F. Drucker
Drucker popularized General Motor's multidivisional structure thus providing the blueprint for the modern corporation, from human resources to research and from development to finance to maufacturers.
Starbuck, P. (2012) Peter F Drucker: The Landmarks of His Ideas. Lulu.com.
