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Frederick Taylor: The Father of Management Science
"The founder of Scientific Management, and one of the first people to study the behavior and performance of people while they work. As a manufacturing manager in a variety of settings, Frederick Taylor developed four principles to increase efficiency in the workplace." (Jones George, 2014) -
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History of Management
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Theory of Bureaucracy
"Max Weber developed the principles of bureaucracy during Germany's industrial revolution to help organizations increase thier efficiency and effectiveness. The bureaucratic system of administration is based on five principles and entails structuring an organization into a hierarchy." (Jones, George, 2014) -
Alfred P. Sloan
"Managing by committee. Alfred P. Sloan becomes president of General Motors and creates a decentralized bureaucracy that will help make GM the leading car and truck manufacturer in the world. Instead of controlling his entire organization, Sloan delegates. The benefits of this system: A more accountable organization that encourages ingenuity." (Tanz, 2003) -
The Hawthorne Studies
"In an effort to increase effeciency, research was done in order to find out what caused worker fatigue and performance. The study suggested that worker productivity had everything to do with the workers' attitudes toward their managers. Each manager's personal behavior or leadership approach can affect performance. This then led way to a new approach of behaviorally training managers to manage in such ways that solicite cooperation and increased productivity." (Jones, George, 2014) -
Wagner Act of 1935
" The Wagner Act of 1935, also known as the National Labor Relations Act, was enacted because of poor working conditions and unequal power between employers and employees caused by industrialization and the Great Depression. The Wagner Act was designed to protect employees' rights to form and join unions and to engage in such activities as strikes, picketing, and collective bargaining." (Crampton, Hodge, & Mishra, 2002) -
Hewlett Packard
"David Packard and Bill Hewlett form Hewlett-Packard. Their supervisory style, "Management by Wandering Around," encourages bosses to leave their offices and chat with their employees. (They're discouraged from starting conversations with "So, I was enjoying some foie gras on my yacht the other day....")" (Tanz, 2003) -
World War II
"WW II called for an increase in manufacturing, a different work force, and an increase in supply in an effort to fight and to maintain peace. The sheer size of the organizations that were formed for the war effort gave managers and military a new challenge in organization and administration. (Pearson, 1945) -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
"Psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people seek to safisfy five basic kinds of needs. These needs form a hierarchy of with the most basic at the bottom. Maslow's hierarchy of needs help managers to determine which needs employees are trying to satisfy in an organization. Managers must align the interests of the workers with the organization to support those goals, and to help safisfy the needs of the workers to keep them motivated and perform at a high level. (Jones, George, 2014) -
W. Edwards Deming
"Dr. Deming's introduced 14 points that are to create a more efficient workplace, higher profits, and increased productivity. This can be accomplished by his first of the 14 points by establishing continual improvement by constantly striving for growth and improvement through innovation and research." (ASQ, 2015) -
Hygiene & Motivational Factors
"Frederick Herzberg introduced a theory that states "people have two sets of needs or requirements: motivator needs and hygiene needs." Motivator needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is. Herzberg suggested, managers should take steps to ensure that employees' motivator needs are being met." (Jones, George, 2014) -
Theory X
"Introduced by Douglas McGregor, Theory X proposed an assumption that the average worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. This theory, if adopted, causes managers to supervise workers closely and control thier behavior by means of and incentive or "carrot and stick" - rewards and punishment." (Jones, George, 2014) -
Contingency Theory
"Developed by Tom Burns & G.M. Stalker in Britain and Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorch in the U.S. "There is no one best way to organize: The organizational structures and the control systems that managers choose are contingent on characteristics of the external environment." This is an important factor that all business need to consider when deciding organizational structure to best motivate and lead." (Jones, George, 2014) -
Equal Pay Act
"When President Kennedy enacted the EPA, women were making only 59 cents to every dollar that a man was making. The Equal Pay Act was enacted so that men and women would receive equal pay for equal work." (AJE, 2015) -
Transformational Leadership
"In his book Leadership, James MacGregor Burns, a presidential biographer and scholar, develops the doctrine of "transformational leadership," which holds that a leader's job is to determine how his company and his employees can benefit society." (Tanz, 2003) -
Supply Chain Management
"Intense global competition beginning in the 1980s provided an incentive for U.S. manufacturers to offer low-cost, high quality products along with higher levels of customer service. In order to compete in this type of market, managers were forced to look deeper, not only into the management of people, but suppliers and wholesalers as well." (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012) -
The Six Sigma Principle
"Six Sigma guides companies into making fewer mistakes in everything they do. Quality control programs focus on detecting and correcting defective processes, but Six Sigma looks at the broader picture. "It provides specific methods for re-creating the process so that defects and mistakes are never made in the first place." (Harry, Schroeder, 2005) -
Robert Greenleaf
"Robert Greenleaf, a former AT&T manager, dies. But during the next decade the philosophy of "servant leadership," which he created in the 1970s --stating that the main role of a leader isn't to single-handedly pursue some higher goal, but to act as a servant who keeps his employees happy--catches on." (Tanz, 2003) -
Business Process Reengineering/Management
"BPR/BPM is a focus of supply chain management that requires a radical rethinking and redesigning of business processes to reduce waste and increase performance. It was a result of a need to reduce costs and return to the companies core competencies to enhance the firms competitive advantage." (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012) -
Enron Scandal
"The company’s failure in 2001 represents the biggest business bankruptcy ever while also spotlighting corporate America’s moral failings. It's shady business practices, aided by advisors and bankers, caused the failing of the company. And although it won't be the last case like this, it did initiate a new age of business ethics." (Silverstein, 2013) -
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
"Even after the passing of the Equal Pay Act, there are still pay inequalities between men and women. President Obama passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act to further the efforts to have equal pay for women." (AJE, 2015)
