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1776- Division of Labor
The Wealth of Nations was published by Adam Smith. This was believed to help the society and economy. This helped to break down tasks and build employee skills; also known as division of labor. -
Late 1800s- Industrial Revolution
this economic change was the major switch from working with human power in small businesses/households to machine power in large factories. While this limited the number of employees needed, it began the necessity for more managers and management. This began the trend of large factories and managers. -
1820s- centeralization management
Is where the manager has a very tight hold on the company and there is really only one person or a few key people making all of the decisions all at once. The person that is usually in charge of all people will not allow the other managers to do manager tasks. (No delegation) -
1920- The Hawthorne Studies of Productivity
this study concluded that the psychological and social conditions at work, such as informal group pressures, individual recognition, and participation in decision making. Also stated that supervision produced productivity and employee morale. -
1943- Abraham H.Maslow and the Hierachy of needs
This was the development of a motivational theory. This mainly focused in on 5 basic needs. Physical needs, security needs, social needs, status needs, and self-fulfillment needs. Maslow believed that lower-level needs should be fulfilled before higher-level needs. These needs were grouped into a hierarchy, better known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. -
1950- Demings Fourteen Points
Deming believed that maintenance of high quality standards was necessary. He created 14 main points he believes are necessary to have a high-achieving business. To summarize; creating a consistent purpose, new philosophy, statistic evidence, quality & price, constant improvements, vigorous training, effective leadership, effectively working, teamwork, eliminating numerical goals, eliminating work standards, removing barriers, encouraging self-improvement, and creating a structure. -
1950s- Total quality management
W.Edwards Deming used mathematics to help solve the problems of quality control. He came up with 14 points to high-quality standards. -
1960- The Y theroy
Managers believe that people find satisfaction in their work. They have high expectations of their employees and grant them considerable freedom. They also let them make important decisions. -
1960s- The X theroy
managers assume that workers avoiding working when they can so to avoid that they put strict rules and make sure that important decisions are made only by them.-1960s by professor Douglas McGregor -
1980s- Theory Z
William Ouchi, a management researcher developed a new theory of management known as theory Z, a business management theory that integrates Japanese and American business practices. Theory Z incorporates the Japanese emphasis on collective decision-making and concern for the employees with the American emphasis on individual responsibility