Population and settlement

  • 1500

    Social organization

    Social organization
    -In summer, the Algonquian would set up camps of 500 people
    -In winter, the Algonquian would spread out in bands as not to depend on the same resources
    -They lived in wigwams
    -The Iroquoian lived in villages with longhouses, with 500 to 2000 people
    -They moved their village every 10-15 years because the soil would be depleted by farming
  • 1500

    Bering Strait

    Bering Strait
    -People crossed into North America from Asia and Russia
    -The "bridge" they crossed was created as an effect of the ice age
    -The people crossed it while hunting and following the animals
  • 1500

    First Occupants

    First Occupants
    -People have lived in North America since around 30 000 BC
    -Iroquois practiced matriarchy
    -Iroquois were semi-sedentary
    -Algonquins practiced patriarchy
    -Algonquins were nomads
  • Period: 1500 to

    Population and settlement

  • 1534

    Jacques Cartier's voyages

    Jacques Cartier's voyages
    -He traveled to America to find a new route to Asia, discover riches for the king and to claim territory for the king of France.
    -He found lots of fish, timber and furs
    -Natives taught the Europeans how to survive winter
    -He attempted to start a colony but was unsuccessful
    -The missionaries tried to convert the natives
    -France lost interest for 60 years
  • Relations with the Natives

    Relations with the Natives
    -French allied with the Algonquians and the Hurons
    -English allied with the Iroquoians
    -Aboriginal population decreased because of disease and war
    -Natives cross-bred with the Europeans
    -Europeans learnt: how to survive winter (clothing and travel) and how to eat (corn, pumpkins and maple syrup)
    -Natives learnt: about weapons, iron tools, salt and bread
    -Natives suffered because of alcoholism and disease
  • Samuel de Champlain

    Samuel de Champlain
    -Samuel de Champlain was a part of Port Royal
    -Port Royal was a settlement established by the king of France
    -The settlement failed because it was too far away
    -Champlain returned around 1608 to establish a trading post in Quebec which became New France
  • Seigneurial system

    Seigneurial system
    -New France had too much land for their population density
    -The king of France gave away plots of land to develop and increase the population (seigneuries)
    -The seigneur who owned the land would let peasants live on the land in exchange for a percentage of their crops, produce and labor
    -The Lord had to have a mill and the peasants had to pay him to use it
    -The church controlled everything and everyone had to pay a church tax
  • Jean Talon

    Jean Talon
    -Jean Talon was in charge of installing a settlement in New France
    -Talons job was to increase the population
    -He did so by offering soldiers free land, allowing minor criminals from France to move there and by marrying off orphan girls called Filles du roi
    -He encouraged natural increase by giving payments to couples who married young and forcing bachelors over 21 and fathers with unmarried daughters pay fines
    -The population increased but still hadn't reached the population of the 13 Colonies
  • Composition of the population

    Composition of the population
    The effect of natural and migratory movements:
    -Majority of the population were men since they were needed for fur trade
    -Composition: European, Aboriginal, Métis and slaves
    Social classes:
    -Nobility/Elite (governor)- Born into it, rich, has authority
    -Middle class/Bourgeoisie (seigneur)- Work for their money
    -Peasants/Habitant (censitaries)- Do the manual labor
  • Slavery

    Slavery
    -The Natives were used as slaves but weren't useful because they knew how to live in the area so they could escape
    -Slaves were brought from Africa and since they depended on their master for survival, they could not escape
  • Deportation of the Acadians

    Deportation of the Acadians
    -The British forced the Acadians to be deported
    -The Acadians were French and the English wanted english-speaking people only in their territory
  • British immigration

    British immigration
    -1763: wealthy business men looking to take over
    -1791: measures taken to encourage immigration (land granted to shipping and railroad companies, immigration agents)
    -1812: laws discouraging American immigration in Upper-Canada
    -1840: Colonial Land and Emigration Commission and permanent immigration office in London
    -The use of propaganda to encourage immigration
  • Effects of the loyalists

    Effects of the loyalists
    -36,000 came to Canada
    -6,000 came to Quebec
    -The English population increased: 1%>10%
    -The seigneurial system was replaced with the township system
    -Settlements had English names
    -Protestant churches and English schools were built
  • Constitutional Act

    Constitutional Act
    -Territory divided into Upper-Canada and Lower-Canada
    -English Protestants in Upper-Canada
    -French Catholics in Lower-Canada
    -Goal: ease tension between the French and the English
    -English laws still applied in both Canadas
    -Rebellions in both Canadas (Lower-Canada is more relevant)
  • English Immigration

    English Immigration
    -Irish arrived due to famine, Scottish and English immigrated as well
    -Conditions on the boat were bad and disease spread, killing many
    -On their way to New France, the cholera epidemic spread and they were quarantined on Grosse-Ile
  • Abolishment of slavery

    Abolishment of slavery
    -British North America limited slavery in 1800 by requiring a proof of ownership which was rare
    -Slavery was legal until the British Parliament's Slavery Abolition Act in 1834
  • Immigration to the United-States and the West

    Immigration to the United-States and the West
    -Cause: seigneuries are overpopulated
    -Lumberjacks and farmers immigrated to the forest regions of Quebec (Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada)
    -Others immigrated to the United States since there were more opportunities there (no room on the seigneuries, less jobs in farming since it was somewhat industrialized, factory conditions were horrible)
  • Composition of the population

    -French-Canadians remain the majority due to their high birth rate
    -English are the minority but their population is growing due to immigration
    -Different ethnic groups living in cities
  • Colonization of new regions

    Colonization of new regions
    -Overpopulation and exploitation of forests caused the opening of Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais
    -Church encouraged people to go rural because this meant less drugs, alcohol and prostitution
    -These new regions were not always successful unless some resources were available
  • Immigration policies in the Contemporary period

    Immigration policies in the Contemporary period
    -Sharing federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration matters under the British North-American Act in 1867
    -National policy: posters in Europe promoting Canada
    -Land grants and the giving of land to rail companies to settle the west (considering the boats couldn't go further than Quebec City)
    -Waves of immigration following economic crisis, wars, etc.
    -Only white, English-speaking people could immigrate until the end of World War II
  • Relations with the natives

    Relations with the natives
    -Indian reserves were created for the Natives
    -Indian act: Lower the tension between Europeans and Natives, natives still aren’t happy because they feel the Europeans can take whatever land they want
    -Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural resources by the government
    -Oka Crisis: golf course wanted to expand onto native territory, there was a stand-off that ended without violence
    -Recognition of treaty rights (James Bay Agreement and Peace of the Braves)
  • Urban population increase

    Urban population increase
    -Rural exodus
    -Development of working class neighbourhoods.
    -Rural population moved to the city and increased the urban population
    -Urban sprawl: urban developments being built on undeveloped land near a city
    -Suburbs were cramped, had no running water and no sewage
  • Immigration to the United-States and the west

    Immigration to the United-States and the west
    -Work conditions were awful: children work, low pay, dangerous, no ventilation, abuse.
    -No employment in farming due to industrialization
    -Brain drain: the educated and skilled workers left to seek better opportunities
  • Composition of the population

    -French-Canadians remain the majority
    -Increase in the multicultural population in the big cities
    -More diverse population since 1945
  • Urban sprawl

    Urban sprawl
    -Urban sprawl: the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
    -The rate of urbanization increased rapidly
    -Residential developments were constructed
    -Farmland was reduced due to urban sprawl