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Birth
Louis pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, France to parents Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne Etiennette Roqui. His father was a tanner and was an old soldier from Napoleon's army. He made leather from fresh skins of cattle and sheep. Louis grew up in a town called Arbois in the Jura region in eastern France where he attended Primary School. He attended Secondary School in Besancon. Later on, Pasteur became a well-known chemist, inventor, and scientist (D. Thomas and H. Thomas 201). -
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Louis Pasteur
A French Chemist, Inventor, and Scientist! -
Bazil Becomes Independent
In 1823, Brazil became independent from Portugal with the help of Dom Pedro. He was sent over to rule Brazil in 1821. Once he took power, Portuguese and Brazilian relations became hostile and Brazil wanted the Parliament to return to its prior status under France. Dom Pedro was ordered to leave the country but he refused. He gave a speech about his ideas for Brazil's independence and soon people rallied around him. Later on, Pedro became the Emperor ("How did Brazil Gain Its Independence?"). -
Railways and Trams in London
In 1836, "Railway Mania" began to seize the Great Britian. The first section of the London to Greenwich Railway was opened. It was known to be the first commuter railway for the metropolis. Success of these trains and omnibuses encouraged new experiments that began to develop of the years and develop into the modern ones e use today. The first ever underground railway station was established in 1838 and was named the Paddington Railway Station (Grun 393). -
Pasteur's Teaching Experience
In 1842, 20-year-old Louis Pasteur became determined to become a teacher. He decided to apply to the École Normale Supérieure de Paris. In order to get in, each student had to pass an entrance exam. Louis placed 15th out of 22 but wasn't proud and didn't want to enter with such a low rank so, he decided to retake it. The following year, he placed 4th! Pasteur decided to study the art of teaching chemistry and physics (Berger 3). -
Tartaric Acid vs Racemic Acid Discovery
In 1849, during his teaching years, Pasteur became interested in the study of crystal tartaric and racemic acids. Many believed that they were identical but had 1 unexplained difference. When light was passed through both acids, a twisted beam shined through the tartaric and a non twisted beam shined through the racemic. Pasteur worked hard and learned that each crystal had a face but the tartaric had 2. This caused the light to twist ("Ullman"). -
Marriage and Family
Pasteur became the professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg in 1848. There, he met Mary Laurent, the daughter of the university's priest. They fell in love and got married on May 29, 1849. Mary and Louis had 5 children, Jeanne, Jean- Baptiste, Cecile, Marie- Louise, and Camille, but only 2 survived childhood. Pasteur suffered personal tragedy in his family and his work laid the foundation of childhood immunizations that saved the lives of many children ("Louis Pasteur"). -
Germ Theory of Fermentation
While working at the University of Lille, Pasteur was asked to solve problems related to alcohol production. This work led to other success. Many new theoretical implications emerged! He began to investigate other aspects and saw that lactic acid was responsible for souring milk. Later on, he presented evidence that proved that specific organisms were associated with each particular fermentation. This enacted the Theory of Germ Fermentation ("Ullman")! -
Pasteurization
In 1863, Pasteur was asked by Napoleon III to study wine contamination, caused by microbes. To prevent this, he used a procedure which required him to heat the wine to 120-140 °F. This became globally known as pasteurization, a process that kill organisms that contribute to aging. Following his wine success, he began to focus his studies on beer. He developed techniques for beer fermentation and could provide methods for the brewing industry ("Ullman"). -
Silk Industry is Saved
1865 was the year that Louis Pasteur saved the silk industry! The industry had been struggling for years and Pasteur finally proved that microbes were attacking the healthy silk worm eggs. This caused a disease that was unknown to most and almost incurable. Pasteur showed that once the microbes were eliminated, the disease would be eliminated too. He developed a method to prevent the contamination and became used by silk producers all around the world ("Louis Pasteur"). -
Austria- Hungary Dual Monarch Is Established
Austria-Hungary was established under Francis Joseph, a Hapsburg. He was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. These 2 countries became united by a compromise between Joseph and the Magyar rulers of Hungary. This established common ministries of foreign affairs, finance, and defense. The monarchy included Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czech Republic and was composed of many language groups and nationalities. This monarchy was regarded as a great European power ("Austria-Hungary"). -
Study of Vaccination
Pasteur's 1st vaccine discovery was with a disease called chicken cholera. He accidentally exposed chickens to a weak form of culture and demonstrated that they were resistant to the actual virus. This allowed him to develop vaccinations for other diseases. Robert Koch and Pasteur investigated anthrax, a disease that killed many sheep and began attacking humans too. They provided evidence that anthrax was responsible for the infection ("Ullman"). -
Brooklyn Bridge Opens
The Brooklyn Bridge opened on May 24, 1883. It was constructed under a design by German- American Johann A. Roebling. Sadly, he died before the project was finished and his son, Washington Roebling, took over. The bridge took about 14 years to build. Within 24 hours of its opening, an estimated 250,000 people had walked across it. 6 days after the opening, a stampede of people fearing a rumor about its impending collapse caused 12 people to die ("Timeline-The 1800s"). -
Perfoms Vaccination On A Human
Louis Pasteur preformed medically on a human for the first time on July 6, 1885. Joseph Meister, a 9-year-old boy, was bit by a rabid dog. He needed urgent medical assistance and went to Pasteur for help. He had created a vaccination that would help cure a human infected with rabies. Although, it had been performed only on animals so, it was a long shot. Pasteur gave the boy many increasingly powerful injections over a course of 10 days and after 4 months, Pasteur called it a success (Berger 3)! -
Johnstown Flood
In 1889, a massive flood hit Johnstown, PA. over 2,200 people were wounded. The water had come from the South Fork Dam which had a channel that became clogged with debris. An engineer saw the warning signs and rode to South Fork to warn the citizens but Johnstown was never warned. Many people survived the flood but sadly a tree had hit a bridge causing it to catch on fire. American Red Cross's 1st major relief came after the Johnstown Flood taking it 5 years to rebuild ("The Johnstown Flood"). -
New Zealand Allows Women To Vote
New Zealand allows women to vote freely in 1893. Lord Glasgow, the governor, signed a new Electoral Act into law. This was the result of many years effort by suffrage campaigners, 1 of whom was Kate Shepard. Many thought that women were fit for domestic affairs rather then politics. Over the years, many series of petitions called on the Parliament to grant women's votes. 13 petitions were signed by over 32,000 women (" Women and the Vote"). -
Death
Louis Pasteur passed away September 28, 1895 in Marnes-la-Coquette, France. He had become paralyzed in 1868 due to a severe brain stroke and after his 70th birthday, it got worsened. He couldn't handle the pain any longer and sadly lost the battle. In 1896, his remains got transferred to a Neo-Byzantine at the Pasteur Institute. Pasteur was an extraordinary scientist and because of all his discoveries and contributions to the world, modern medicine became a reality (Asimov 106).
