KEY MOMENTS OF MUSLIM EMPIRE

The birth of the Prophet Muhammed

570

In the year 570 the prophet Muhammed was born who is the main figure of the Islamic religion which served as the point of connection between all the peoples and territories of the Arabian peninsula and all the territories close to it, as is the reason that reason for the expansion of Muslim civilization throughout the rest of the world.

Muhammed performs the Hegira

Sep 24, 622

The migration from Mecca to Medina, fixes the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad created a religious state and led attacks on caravans. Attempts by the armies of Mecca to defeat the Muslims failed. Many important citizens migrated from Mecca to Medina and converted to Islam.

Muhammad passes away

632

The death of the prophet Muhammad gives birth to the figure of the Caliph, his successor, who would become the leader of the empire.

The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661)

632

The period of time between the death of the Prophet Muhammad and the coming to power of the Umayyad dynasty (661) is considered the golden age, in which the community lived according to the laws of the prophet and Islam. Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four caliphs are collectively known in Sunni Islam as the Rashidun, or "rightly guided" caliphs.

Uqba bin Nafi begins the conquest of North Africa.

670

Uqba bin Nafi was an Arab general in the service of the Rashidun caliphate. Uqba came to cross the current territories of Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, and Morocco.
Uqba laid the foundations for a great mosque, which became a center for scholars and the first Muslim school on the continent. The mosque is known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. The expansion in North Africa will be the previous step to the expansion in Spain and the rest of Europe.

Abdul Malik becomes the Caliph. Construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

685

The official reason for its construction was to commemorate the ascension that the Prophet Muhammad made by flying on a winged horse from Mecca to the Al Aqsa Mosque, which is also on the Temple Mount, and from there to heaven.

Tariq ibn Ziyad lands in Spain

711

Tarik Ibn Ziyad was a general who led the Muslim conquest of Spain in AD 711-718. The name Gibraltar owes its origin to the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq which means "Mountain of Tariq".

The Umayyad Abdur Rahman I establishes the Umayyad Emirate in Cordoba, Spain.

755

The emirate of Cordoba will become independent from the Umayyad caliphate, becoming an independent kingdom that will expand throughout Al-Andalus to North Africa. The Emirate came to an end in 1492 with the conquest of Granada by the Catholic kings of Spain.

Ibn Jabir invents the science of chemistry

781

Jabir is considered the founder of experimental chemistry. He was the first to acquire information from him from experiments, observations, and scientific conclusions. Chemistry began as a science full of superstitions became known as alchemy.
However, Jabir is going one step further than the Greeks, by introducing experiments as the basis for the work.

Al Khwarizmi invents the science of Algebra and develops the mathematics of equations.

815

Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī was born in Central Asia, in 780 CE, Al-Khwarizmi, being called by the Caliph Al-Mansur to work in the House of Wisdom. He created the modern number system. Before Al-Khwarizmi, numbers were written in words. He recognized zero as a number and included it in the Hindu system to create the Arabic numeral system. He introduced Algebra, which has enabled today's engineers to build skyscrapers, mile-long bridges, and security encryption equations.

The Arabian Nights are compiled

900

The Persian king Shahriyar had little confidence in the fidelity of women, so every night he had a new wife, killing her the next day. However, Sheherazade, entertained the king every night by telling a story for a thousand nights, eventually managing to survive and live with the king for many years. Among her stories, those of Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sindbad the Sailor has had a great influence also in the Western world.

Reign of Abdul Rahman III in Spain (912-961). Cordoba becomes the premier city of Europe. Golden age of Spain. .

912

Abd al-Raḥmān renovated the Great Mosque of Córdoba and he built a new royal city, Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ. In 949 he executed his own son for plotting against him. The Christian and Jewish communities prospered and coexisted during his reign, which was the second-longest of any Muslim caliph. He passes away in 961

The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba begins its decline

1031

Al Andalus begins to divide into smaller kingdoms. The Christian kingdoms of Castilla, León and Portugal take advantage of this division by starting their attacks on them.

Al Idrisi made a map of the then known world.

1151

Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi was born in 1100 in Sabta (Ceuta) and died in 1165/1166 in Sicily or Sabta. Al-Idrisi compared the earth to the white-coated egg. He attended university in Córdoba and traveled throughout North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Spain.
The map that Al-Idrisi made contains most of Europe, Asia and North Africa for the first time.

Salahuddin triumphs and recaptures Jerusalem.

1187

Saladin (1137-1193), was the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who defeating an army of the Crusader states at the Battle of Hattin and then capturing Jerusalem. Saladino decided to tolerate that the Christians maintained control of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and allowed Christian pilgrimages, achieving coexistence between one and the other religions.

Prince Mehmet begins the reconsolidation of the Ottoman Empire

1411

Mehmed II, (1432-1481) was a Turkish sultan who conquered Constantinople and expanded the Ottoman Empire through a holy war in Asia and Europe. The Mehmed II Code was very important. It was a constitution that helped regulate all the institutions of the State while its expansion occurred after the conquest of Constantinople.

Granada falls to the Christians kingdoms of Spain

1492

The fall of Granada was the end of the Muslim empire in Spain and gave way to a social transformation, through attempts at a coexistence between the three great religions (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam). However, the Catholic Monarchs eventually expelled the Jews from Spanish territory and the Muslims who did not convert to Christianity.

Battle of Lepanto

Oct 7, 1571

Don Juan of Austria against Müezzinzade Ali Pasha.While this battle did not end with the Ottoman Empire, it was a major victory for the Catholic allies and a serious warning to the Muslims of the future advance of the Europeans in their goal of stopping the advance of the Ottoman Empire.

Greece won their independence from the Ottoman Empire

1830

The disintegration of the territories of the Ottoman Empire begins. The next step over the years will be the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria during the Congress of Berlin in 1870 called by the great European Countries to try to peacefully solve the conflicts between the new countries formed after the division of the Ottoman Empire.

World War I ends

Nov 11, 1918

World War I ends with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, which was the last of the Islamic empires. Europeans take a greater role in the colonization of Africa, and the Muslim people who inhabit these territories lose their power and importance in the face of the Catholic conversion and the arrival of the customs of the new colonizers.