Islamic Spain and the Inquisition

Abū Bakr, The First Caliph

Jun 8, 632

After Muhammad's death, the Muslims of Medina resolved the crisis of succession by accepting Abū Bakr as the first caliph.
Source : https://teachmideast.org/articles/the-first-caliphs-of-islam-power-corruption-and-war-in-the-rashidun-caliphate/#:~:text=The%20Muslim%20community%20debated%20among,and%20father%2Din%2Dlaw.

Muhammad's Death

Jun 8, 632

In March, 632, Muhammad returned to Mecca to perform a pilgrimage, and thousands of Muslims joined him. After the pilgrimage, he returned to Medina. Three months later, he died there, after a brief illness
Source : https://latinodawah.org/muhammad-570-ad-632-ad/

Umar (634-644 CE)

634

Abu Bakr's at his death bed, nominated Umar as his successor, who then became the Caliph. He ruled for 10 years, during his time, the Islamic Empire expanded greatly.
Source : https://www.ducksters.com/history/islam/four_caliphs.php

Uthman (644- 656 CE)

644

Uthman was the third caliph, after Umar. The protesters-turned-rebels had demanded a new caliph, but Uthman refused, so they murdered him.
Source : https://www.ducksters.com/history/islam/four_caliphs.php

Ali (656-661 CE)

656

Ali is Muhammad cousin and son-in-law. He was the last caliph and first imam of the Muslim ummah
Source : https://www.ducksters.com/history/islam/four_caliphs.php

Umayyad Caliphate

661

The Umayyad Caliphate ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE.
The Umayyads were the first Muslim dynasty, established in 661 in Damascus. Their dynasty succeeded the leadership of the first four caliphs—Abū Bakr, ʿUmar I, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī.
Source : https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-umayyad-caliphate-661-750-ce

Muslim invade Iberian Peninsula

711

In 711, Muslim forces invaded and in seven years conquered the Iberian peninsula.
Source : https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml#:~:text=In%20711%20Muslim%20forces%20invaded,of%20Cordovain%20the%20tenth%20century.

The Fall of Toledo

1085

Alfonso VI, took over the city, leading to the Christian reconquest of Spain.
Source : https://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/toledo-historical-overview

El Cid and Valencia (1094-1099)

1094

The Spanish knight, El Cid, a powerful figure during the wars between Muslims and Christians. In 1094, when he captured the city of Valencia from its Muslim ruler and maintained it for the next five years.
Source : El Cid Article

Medieval inquisitions throughout Europe

1184

The origins of the Inquisition can be traced back to the early organized persecution of non-Catholic Christian religions in Europe. In 1184, Pope Lucius III sent bishops to southern France to hunt down heretics known as Catharists. These efforts were carried on into the 14th century.
Source : https://www.history.com/topics/religion/inquisition

Treaty and Agreement Between King Fernando III and The Emir Mohammed Ibn Ali, Ruler of the Kingdom of Murcia

1217

Treaty on a truce between the weakened Muslim ruler, the Emir of Murcia, Mohammed ibn Ali, and the strong Castilian King, Fernando III. The Muslims had to obey the negations King Fernando III made.
Source : The treaty

Nicolas Eymeric

1357

Nicolas Eymeric was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Spain and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon who authored the "Directorium Inquisitorum" in 1357.
Source : https://dbpedia.org/page/Nicholas_Eymerich

Massacre of 1391

1391

The Massacre of 1391 was a display of antisemitism and violence against Jews in Spain. Jews were given the choice of converting or leaving Spain. Thousands were forced to convert to Christainity
Source : https://dbpedia.org/page/Massacre_of_1391

Queen Elizabeth and King Ferdinard

1469

Isabella (Queen of Castille and Leon) and Ferdinand (King of Aragon) get married to unite Spain under Christian rule.

Pope Sixtus IV

1478

Pope Sixtus IV authorizes the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella, to root out heresy. The inquisition quickly turned its attention to eliminating the region of non-Catholics.

First auto de fe in Sevilla

1481

On February 12, 1481 in Seville twelve conversos were burned alive for allegedly practicing Judaism in the first recorded Auto da Fe (Act of Faith)
Source : https://jewinthepew.org/2015/02/12/12-february-auto-da-fe-in-seville1481-and-toledo-1486-onthisday-otdimjh/#:~:text=On%20February%2012%2C%201481%20in,Fe%20(Act%20of%20Faith).

Treaty of Granada

1491

The Treaty of Granada ended the Granda War. It guaranteed a set of rights to the Moors, Muslim inhabitants, including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation.

Granada

1492

King Boabdil surrendered Granada to the Spanish forces. The last king of Granada, Abu Abdullah Muhammad XII, hands over Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Andalusia, to the Catholic King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Francisco. It took a long time for the Christains to capture Granda because they had strong defense and the Muslims had been ruling there for centuries.

Decree of Alhambra (1492)

1492

In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella issued the Alhambra Decree, ordering the expulsion of all Jews from their kingdoms. In a matter of months, Spanish Jews were forced to renounce their faith or leave their thousand-year homeland behind
Source : https://mjhnyc.org/blog/1492-letter-regarding-jewish-property-in-spain/#:~:text=In%201492%2C%20King%20Ferdinand%20and,their%20thousand%2Dyear%20homeland%20behind.

Martin Luther (1517)

Oct 31, 1517

On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses against papal indulgences, or the atonement of sins through monetary payment, on the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany.
Source : https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/luther.html#:~:text=On%20October%2031%2C%201517%2C%20Martin,the%20church%20at%20Wittenberg%2C%20Germany.