-
Period: 1550 to
Scientific Revolution
Important Characters:
- Nicolaus Copernicus: He realized that the Earth wasn’t at the center of the universe but rather it was the sun and the Earth spun around it.
- Galileo Galilei: He developed a foundation for a new physics that was highly matematizable and directly faced the problems of the new cosmology
- Isaac Newton: He was able to combine the mathematization of nature and the mechanical philosophy using his concept of force -
1551
Scientific Revolution
Issues or Outcomes:
- Science replaced christianity as the focal point of European civilization.
- It challenged traditional views and fostered a way of thinking based on empiricism and skepticism.
- New info about medicine, new techniques for navigation, and creation of an international scientific community. Location:
Europe -
Period: to
Enlightenment
Philosophers were mostly from France but they extend to all Europe. Important Characters:
- Montesquieu - Separated powers into executive, legislative and judicial branches so no one could gain too much power
- Voltaire - He wrote many books and he based on reason and religious toleration.
- Diderot - He contributed with the creation of the Encyclopedia to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. -
Enlightenment
Issues or Outcomes:
- Philosophers used the scientific method to understand life.
- Many beliefs and ideas, shaped today’s world.
- The French and American Revolutions were results of the Enlightenment. Location:
France APA:
Duignan, B. (n.d.). Enlightenment. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history
Spielvogel, J. J., & McTighe, J. (2018). World history and geography: Modern times. Colombus, OH: McGraw Hill Education. -
Period: to
American Revolution
Important Characters:
- George Washington: After his appointment as Commander-in-Chief in Philadelphia, he traveled to Cambridge to take command of the newly formed Continental Army positioned around Boston.
- Thomas Jefferson: He is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the USA for the central role he played in drafting the Declaration of Independence.
- Benjamin Franklin: In 1776, he was part of the five-member committee that helped draft the Declaration of Independence. -
American Revolution
Issues or Outcomes:
- The Boston Massacre is barely a massacre, it has been named after various references in which it is referred to as massacre to emphasize the effect of it.
- The Boston Tea Party: patriots dressed as Mohawk Indians protesting against the British Tea Act by dumping crates of tea into Boston Harbor.
- The Declaration of Independence is ratified: On July 4th Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence ratified by the the second Continental Congress. Location:
USA -
Period: to
French Revolution
Because of the great inequality that the 80% of the population faced in France, they started a Revolution in July 14 of 1789.
Important Characters:
- King Louis: Was an incompetent leader that couldn’t handle France's economy.
- Marie Antoinette: Was wasting the France's money in her own luxuries.
- Jean-Paul Marat: Most influential journalist, he advocated for basic human rights for the poorest people, fierce tone and uncompromising stance towards leaders; among other things. -
French Revolution
Issues or Outcomes:
- In June 20 of 1789 a tennis court was taken by the revolutionaries. Robespierre became a leader for the people and decided to raid the Bastille, a symbol of tyranny and oppression.
- They killed the governor and put his head on a spike.
- After years of fight, Louis XVI was executed, but then Robespierre became the king and reign with terror, until his execution in July 28,1794. Location:
France -
Period: to
Napoleonic Empire
Important Characters:
- Napoleon Bonaparte: Was an excellent leader for the people, he won several battles and this made the people very happy, he gave his people hope.
- Marie-Louise of Austria: She married with Napoleon Bonaparte.
- Jose Bonaparte: Napoleon Bonaparte make him emperor of Spain. -
Napoleonic Empire
Issues or Outcomes:
- In 1808, Napoleon proclaimed his brother as king of Spain, this until 1813.
- In 1815, Napoleon lost his first battle: The battle of Waterloo, dishonoring France and himself.
- He was exiled and then he died in 1821. Location:
France, part of European continent.
