flores history astronomy timeline

Yuri Gagarin was the first person to fly in space. His flight, on April 12, 1961, lasted 108 minutes as he circled the Earth for a little more than one orbit in the Soviet Union's Vostok spacecraft. Following the flight, Gagarin became a cultural hero in the Soviet Union. Even today, more than six decades after the historic flight, Gagarin is widely celebrated in Russian space museums, with numerous artifacts, busts and statues displayed in his honor.

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. Aristotle's emphasis on good reasoning combined with his belief in the scientific method forms the backdrop for most of his work. For example, in his work in ethics and politics, Aristotle identifies the highest good with intellectual virtue; that is, a moral person is one who cultivates certain virtues based on reasoning.

We know very little of Ptolemy life. He made astronomical observation from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41. In fact the first observation which we can date exactly was made by Ptolemy on 26 March 127 while the last was made on 2 February 141. His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian 'Ptolemy' and Roman 'Claudius'. This would indicate that he was descended from a Greek family living in Egypt and that he was a citizen of Roman.

Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus, (born February 19, 1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland—died May 24, 1543, Frauenburg, East Prussia [now Frombork, Poland]), Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually.

Tycho Brahe was born in Denmark in 1546 to a noble family. he was the nephew of Jorge Brahe, a sailor who gave his life in an effort to save the life of King Fredrik II of Denmark. Tycho Brahe benefited greatly from King Fredrik's generous support. Brahe received an island called hven from the king. he turned this island into his own little country.Brahe built an castle on hven and named it Uraniborg after Urania, the goddess of the sky. he also built an observatory on the island.

Lippershey applied to the States General of the Netherlands for a 30-year patent for his instrument, which he called a kijker “looker”, or else an annual pension, in exchange for which he offered not to sell telescopes to foreign kings. Two other claimants to the invention came forward, Jacob Metius and Sacharias Jansen. The States General ruled that no patent should be granted because so many people knew about it and the device was so easy to copy.

Johannes Kepler, born December 17, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Wuttemberg (Germany)-died November 15 1630, Regensburg), German astronomer who discovered three major law of planetary motion, conventionally designated as follows: the plants move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus; the time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc the "area law".

Astronomer Giovanni Cassini is associated with a number of scientific discoveries and projects, including the first observations of Saturn's moons. For this reason, the Cassini spacecraft that launched in 1997 and plunged into the planet in 2017 was named after him. Born on June 8, 1625, in Perinaldo, Republic of Genoa (now Italy), he was given the name Giovanni Domenico by his parents, Jacopo Cassini and Julia Crovesi. However he also used the name Gian Domenico Cassini.

Sir Isaac Newton, (born December 25, 1642 [January 4, 1643, New Style], Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England died March 20 (March 31, 1727, London), English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In mechanics, his three laws of motion.

Scouring the heavens with his sister, Caroline, Sir William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus and several moons around other gas giants. In the course of his studies of the night sky, he also compiled a catalog of 2,500 celestial objects that is still in use today. But it wasn't until his mid-30s that he began to turn his eyes to the expanse above; he started his professional life as a musician.

Percival Lowell, (born March 13, 1855, Boston, Mass., U.S.—died Nov. 12, 1916, Flagstaff, Ariz.), American astronomer who predicted the existence of a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune and initiated the search that ended in the discovery of Pluto.
A member of the distinguished Lowell family of Massachusetts (he was brother to A. Lawrence Lowell and Amy Lowell), he devoted himself (1883–93) to literature and travel, much of the time in the Far East, which he described in Chosön (1886).

Ejnar Hertzsprung, (born Oct. 8, 1873, Frederiksberg, near Copenhagen, Den. died Oct. 21, 1967, Roskilde), Danish astronomer who classified types of stars by relating their colour to their absolute brightness an accomplishment of fundamental importance to modern astronomy. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of stellar types was named (in part) for him. In 1913 he established the luminosity scale of Cepheid variable stars, a tool for measurement of intergalactic distances.

Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 to April 18, 1955) was a German mathematician and physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In the following decade, he immigrated to the U.S. after being targeted by the Nazis. His work also had a major impact on the development of atomic energy. In his later years, Einstein focused on unified field theory.

Edwin Hubble, in full Edwin Powell Hubble, (born November 20, 1889, Marshfield, Missouri, U.S.—died September 28, 1953, San Marino, California), American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as the leading observational cosmologist of the 20th century.Hubble was the son of John Powell Hubble, a businessman who worked in the insurance industry. His mother, the former Virginia Lee James.

Karl Jansky, in full Karl Guthe Jansky, (born Oct. 22, 1905, Norman, Okla., U.S.—died Feb. 14, 1950, Red Bank, N.J.), American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations.In 1928 Jansky joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey.

The first American to orbit the Earth, John Glenn made history again when, at the age of 77, he became the oldest person to travel in space. But before he was nationally recognized as a hero, he had put his life on the line for his country many times. Born on July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, John Herschel Glenn Jr., was the son of John and Teresa Sproat Glenn. While playing in the high school band, he met Anna Margaret Castor, and later married her.

Neil Armstrong, in full Neil Alden Armstrong, (born August 5, 1930, Wapakoneta, Ohio, U.S.—died August 25, 2012, Cincinnati, Ohio), U.S. astronaut, the first person to set foot on the Moon.Neil Armstrong was the eldest of three children born to Viola Louise Engel and Stephen Koenig Armstrong, a state auditor. Neil’s passion for aviation and flight was kindled when he took his first airplane ride at age 6. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America and earned the rank of Eagle Scout.

History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age.

The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions (Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar Modules, and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10 tested various components while orbiting the Moon, and returned photography of the lunar surface.

A new era in space flight began on April 12, 1981, when Space Shuttle Columbia, or STS-1, soared into orbit from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Astronaut John Young, a veteran of four previous spaceflights including a walk on the moon in 1972, commanded the mission. Navy test pilot Bob Crippen piloted the mission and would go on to command three future shuttle missions. The shuttle was humankind's first re-usable spacecraft.

Mars Pathfinder was launched December 4, 1996 and landed on Mars' Ares Vallis on July 4, 1997. It was designed as a technology demonstration of a new way to deliver an instrumented lander and the first-ever robotic rover to the surface of the red planet. Pathfinder not only accomplished this goal but also returned an unprecedented amount of data and outlived its primary design life.