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Period: 819 to 1005
Samanids
The Samanid empire was a completely autonomous empire in Khurasan and Transoxiana with heavy Turkic-Persian influence. They heavily promoted Persian culture and language and many developments were made in this field. They were also rich and had a strong military. They eventually split up into the Ghaznavid Empire and the Qarakhanid Empire. -
Period: 867 to 902
Saffarids
The Saffarids seized control in what is now Iran and Pakistan (as well as parts of Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan). It was the first completely Persian dynasty since the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. Their first leader Ya'qub as-Saffar was a man of humble beginnings as he worked as a coppersmith. He would eventually, however, prove as a capable warlord. His dynasty would crumble not long after his death however, as the Samanids would take over. -
Period: 868 to 905
Tulunids
The Tulunid dynasty was a Mamluk dynasty with its capital in Fustat. They did technically still fall under Abbasid rule but became semi-autonomous when Ibn Tulun (the governor of Egypt) grabbed the power. They would still consider the Abbasid caliph as their caliph. For example they did still call his name in prayer, portray the caliph on their coins, and would send (irregular) taxes to the Abbasids. They Abbasids eventually reconquered them. -
Period: 869 to 883
Zanj revolt
The Zanj slaves from Zanzibar revolt because of awful working conditions.
This revolt is led by an Alid, Alids were not content with the Abbasid rule. This was because the Abbasids promised that a descendent of Ali would come to power, but they ended up appointing their own family in power. The revolt was devastating to the agriculture and with it the income of the Abbasids at the time. This in turn led to loss of power with the Abbasids as they could not pay their army anymore. -
Period: 900 to 1077
Qaramita state
Ismaili Shi'ite state in modern-day Bahrein Would launch terrorist attacks on Abbasids to eventually bring them down. Active since 890, when they split of from the Fatimid Caliphate. -
Period: 945 to 1055
Buyids
Shia dynasty from Daylam which would rule over the Abbasids -
Period: 961 to 1187
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty was a Persian-Turkic Mamluk dynasty that would rule over large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Transoxiana, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Very anti-Shia and anti Indian politics. More powerful than the Abbasids -
Period: 969 to 1171
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid caliphate was an Ismaili caliphate / imamate which separated themselves from Abbasid control in Ifriqya. Their Imam, Abd Allah al-Mahdi, would later also assume the role of caliph. Later they would also conquer Egypt, parts of Syria and the Hijaz. They prospered, both scientifically and economically, and would deplete an already bankrupt Baghdad of its scholars and merchants. -
Period: 1090 to 1273
Nizari state (Assassins)
The Nizaris is a Ismaili Shiite group that follows the line of Nizar. They believe Nizar was the rightful Imam after al-Mustansir. This is also the reason they split off from the Fatimids, as they argued for another Imam. They would commit suicide assassinations on prominent leaders of other Muslims.