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1543
Copernicus
Copernicus had the idea that the earth revolves around the sun. This idea is called the Heliocenteric Theory. He also wrote a book on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. After Copernicus, Galileo used Copernicus's ideas and kept going with his ideas. The church didn't like it and they made him recant his ideas and put him on house arrest. -
Bacon
Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher. He was a renaissance man. He invented the scientific method. He is considered to be a philosophical influence behind drawing of the industial age. He wrote the book History of Lofe and Death. -
Commonwealth
Commonwealth was after the English Civil War, a commonwealth was created. A government with no king and ruled by Parliment. Cromwell led commonwealth, but didn't use democracy. There was strict religious rules and citizens hated it and wanted a kind again. -
Restoration
The restoration was in 1660, when Charles l's son Charles ll became king. This was called the "Merry Monarch" because he brought back theaters, events, dancing, and he got along with parliment. He learned from his father. He treated everyone equal. -
Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes thought that absolute monarchy was the best. He believed that people need government. He thought that people were born selfish and gredy. He believed that because of man's evil nature, people would enter into a social contract with the government. They would give up there freedom in return for there safety and order of an organized society -
Glorious Revolution
The glorious revolution of 1688 was when James l ignores parliments religious laws and didn't get along with parliament. They feared James ll's som being made king. They offered William of Orange, who was the ruler of Netherlands, and his wife Mary, who was the daughter James l, to come and rule. They do this and James fled to France. When this happened William signed the Bill of Rights. -
Locke
John Locke believed all people were born naturally good. That at birth the mind is a black tablet. Everything that we know is from the experience of our sense. He believed in Natural Law. Natural Law is that everyone is born with rights because they are a part of nature, they come from God. He believed in life, liberty, and property. -
John Newton
He was a slave ship captain. His ship got in a storm and he prayed to God to save him and he did. He then realized all the wrong that he was doing. so he stopped, and became a preacher. He is famous for writing the song Amazing Grace. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was an outspoken philosopher. He defended the principles of freedom of speech and religion. He created enemies and was imprisoned twice. He has a famous quote, "I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it." -
Affair of the necklace
This played a role in the erosion of the support for the king and queen. It made Marie seem like she cared more about herself than the people of France. This necklace costs $100 million is today’s money. -
Olaudah Equiano
He was a slave that was able to buy himself freedom. Once he did that, he worked as an abolitionist in England. He wrote a book about his life and became the first African to publish a book in England. He did this so that people could see what is was like to be a slave and the type of stuff that they went through to raise awareness for it. -
Tennis Court Oath
The third estate declared themselves the National Assembly. Lousi XVI locked them out of a meeting, so they went to a tennis court. On June 23, 1789 Louis relented. He ordered the three estates to meet together as the Nation Assembly. -
Constitution of 1791
The constitution had democratic features. These features included France becoming a limited monarch, the king became nearly a head of state. All laws were made by the Legislative Assembly and feudalism was abolished. -
Cotton Gin
This was created by Eli Whitney and it separated the seeds from the cotton more quickly and efficiently than a person could. This created a lot of positives and negatives. It helped produce a lot more cotton but it also made slavery a bigger thing, because it made a lot of people jobs, but the owners overworked them. -
Louis XVI’s Head
On January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was executed. His trial was hastened by the discovery of a cache of documents in a secret cupboard in Tuilieres. The National Convention votes 387 to 334 to execute him. -
End of the Reign of Terror
Political parties turned on each other. People realize it’s gone too far and Danton tried to stop executions, but they see him as a traitor and execute him. Robespierre became leader of Commitee of Saftey. Then people blame him and he gets captured, tried and beheaded. -
Concordat of 1801
Napolean wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the consficate of church property and the Civil Constitution of Clergy. -
Napoleonic Code
It divides Civil Law into personal status, property, and the acquisition of property. The purpose of this was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principle of the French Revolution. It creates one law code for France. -
The Continental System
The goal of this was to isolate Britain and promote Napoleons mastery over Europe. The Berlin Decrees. British ships were not allowed in European ports. Order in council, Britain proclaimed any ships stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent. The Milan Decree, Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent. This eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain, The War of 1812. -
Hundred Days
The war of the seventh coalition. Napoleon escaped Elba less then ten months there and landed in France on March 1, 1815. This period of time, was the time between his two exiles. -
Iron Horse
A locomotive races against a horse and the locomotive won. This changed many peoples view of the locomotive. In the next 20 years, there was about 9000 miles of track instead of 13 miles 20 years before. -
Sadler's Interviews
In 1832, Michael Sadler introduced a Bill in Parliment that proposed limiting hour in all mills to 10 for people under the age of 18. There was a lot of debated, but Parliament was unwilling to pass the bill. -
Peoples Charter
It was drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. Supporters were called the Chartists. Radical campaign for Praliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. This gave votes for all men. Equal electoral districts... etc. -
Opium War
People were getting addicted to it. The trade for it was illegal, but continued to create both an economical and social problem. They kept doing the trade under the radar. Chinese wanted to stop the war, but British wanted to continue it. Chinese had outdated ships and didn't have a chance. They got control of things, and the war was a disaster for Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing stopped it but was unfair to British. -
Telegraph
In 1840, Samuel Morse made the telegraph. He made this and it helped long distance communication. It did this through a series of taps. Samuel Morse also made morse code so that people could understand the taps that went through the telegraph. -
Irish: Potato Famine
During the potato famine, the potatoes turned black and moldy. It started in September 1845. The cause was an by an airborne fungus from North America. Without money to pay rent, people evicted homes and they were starving. During the years of famine about 1 million people starvedamd about 15 million others emigrated, mainly to theU.S. -
Berlin Confrence
During the Age of Imperalism, European nation competed for other territories. In 1844-45, European leader met in in Berlin to divide African territory. No African leaders were invited. There was no attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa. -
June Days
Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. They barricaded the streets. A new liberal conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism. -
Coup d'Etat
President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire and took the title Napoleon III. A nation plebiscite confirmed this. He ruled until his defeat during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and he was captured. He went into exile until his death in 1873. -
Sepoy Mutiny
British used a divide and conquer strategy. Religious differences offered an easy way to divide Hindus from Muslims. East India Company used Sepoy, which are Indian soldiers. New gunpowder cartidges were removed rumored to be sealed with cow and pig fat. Sepoy rebelled against company rule. This rebellion was put down. -
Mughal Empire
In 1526, it began, and lasted until 1858. They had started declining in the early 1700s. They contained Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. Granted exclusive rights from trading to British in exchange for exotic and rare goods. The three religious groups gave conflict which lead to infighting and a divide empire. -
Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa family ruled from 1603 until 1868, also known as Edo period. In 1635 trade was limited to China, Korea, and Netherlands at a few times per year. Emperor ruled in name only, the actual power was held by shogun. -
Suez Canal
Europeans needed faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. The French and Egyptians, with funding from France, started a canal connecting the two water bodies, opening in 1869. -
Meiji Revolt
There were military reforms, made changes. Armies were run by local daimyo and not subservient to a central government. Used Prussia as a model for the army. Belief that if Japan was to be taken serious, needed complete military and to particpate in imperialism. Conscription meant that all men had to serve for 3 years after turning 21. -
First Lightbulb
Thomas Edison was the inventor of 1,000 inventions including the light bulb, moving pictures, and the phonograph. In 1879, he harnessed electricity and develops the first lightbulbs. -
Paris Exposition
World's Fair hold in honor of the French Revolution Centennial. The Eiffel Tower served as the template for the fair. Some thought it was ugly and not worthy of being called art. The people who liked it saved it by making it a radio tower. -
Dreyfus Affair
A list of documents were found in a German Embassy in Paris. Captain Alfred Dreyfus was suspected, but they had no proof. They still convicted him and sent him to Devils Island in French Guiana. The real culprit was Major Esterhazy, he was tried but not convicted. Dreyfus got a new trail in 1899 and was found guilty again but with extenuating circumstances. -
First Radio
Marconi has primarily been credited with developing the first radio. Tesla also made many important contributions to the invention of the radio. -
Zionist Movement
This was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the book, Der Judenstate or The Jewish State in 1896. It was written by Theodore Herzel. This creates the first zionist congress in Basel, Switzerland. -
Boer War
British met opposition to land claims in Southern Africa. Dutch settlers, Boers, had lived in that region since 1600s. Gold was discovered in the late 1800s. Boers refused to grant rights to foreigners. Britain tried to make Boer territory part of the British Empire. In 1899, war broke out. Boers were outnumber and British won. In 1902, Boer territory became self-governing Union of South Africa under British control. -
Boxer Rebellion
They called themselves called themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Were called Boxers by foreign press. They went on a rampage, killing around 300 foreigners, Chinese Christians, and Chinese who had ties to foreigners. The rebellion was put down and Chinese paid $300,000,000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking and Tienstin. -
Australia: Commonwealth
In 1901, Britain granted self-rule to the Commonwealth of Australia. They established their own parliament, but remained part of the British Empire. -
Wright Brothers Flight
In 1903, the the Wright brothers flew a gasoline powered flying machine for 59 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Caroline. This gave rise to the aircraft industry. -
Alexei Romanov
He was born in 1904. He was the heir to the throne. But he had hemophilia. A disorder of the blood, which does not allow it to clot properly. Family kept it secret, so that people wouldn't be worried about his ability to fulfill his duty. His condition becomes worse so they call Rasputin. -
Russian Constitution of 1906
Known as Fundamental Laws. The autocracy of Russian Czar was declared. He was supreme over law, church, and Duma. It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, but made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law. -
Model "T" Ford
The first cars were developed in Germany. These cars were expensive and nobody could buy them. Ford built a car which people could afford and buy. The car was slow, ugly, and difficult to drive. It had the nickname "Tin Lizzie" to the Americans. -
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's plan to quickly invade and defeat France before they had the time to mobilize, then turn around and attack Russia. The idea was to not have to divide their forces for war on both fronts. Ended up in stalemate and then trench warfare. -
Lusitania
Sinking of it. Outrage over the sinking of passenger ship by a U-boat. Some Americans among the dead. Germans claim it was transporting war munitions. -
Mustard Gas
Created by Germans, mustard gas caused painful blisters inside and outside the body. Remained in the soil for weeks, making its effectiveness questionable. -
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico. Intercepted by the British and handed over to the Americans. -
Rasputin
He became notorious and Romanov family is distraught with Alexei's condition, become desperate. They call Rasputin and he stops it. Rumors begin. Right before he leaves family he makes a prophecy and it comes true. -
Womens Social and Political Union
This was for the right to vote. Emmeline Pankhurst was the main person. Her family was involved with the movement. This led to the Representation of the People Act in 1918. Women over 30 had the right to vote and all men could vote. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin sought to get out of WWI. Sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with Central Powers. Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Russia. Russia gained peace, but gave up large parts of empire. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
It got them out of WWI , but they lost huge amounts of land in the West. It was a huge price, but it got them out of the war. -
Kronstadt
Lenin’s government was very unpopular and workers went on strike, in spite of death penalty for striking. Most serious revolt was in March 1921, when sailors revolted near the Petrograd. Red Army put down the revolt. 20,000 casualties and the leaders of the revolt were executed. -
The rise of Mussolini
In 1922, he threatened a coup d’etat. There was the March on Rome, it had 25,000 black shirts demonstrated throughout the capital. King Emmanuel III offered Mussolini to join governement instead of violently putting down. In 1925, he took over. Became Il Duce or the Leader. -
Beer Hall Putsch
In October 30, 1923, Hitler held a rally in a Munich beer hall and declared revolution. Led 2,000 men in to take over Bavarian Government. It failed and Hitler was imprisoned. -
Streseman helps rebuild German industry
Gustav Streseman was elected as Chancellors to help with Germany’s problems. He was able to end passive resistance. He also scrapped the old currency and introduced a new, stable currency, the Rentemark. He got the army on his side. In 1924, he agreed to the Dawes plan, which was a loan from U.S. It allowed Germany to start paying reparation again and rebuild their industry. -
Mein Kampf
While Hitler was in prison, he wrote a book called Mein Kampf. He sold 5 million copies and made him rich. The book included that Jews were evil. Germans are superior, Führer principle, dislike of communism and democracy, and the need to conquer Russia. -
Reason for Stalins rise to power
Stalin was able to rise to power because he had access to a lot of information. He also put people in power that would be loyal to him. Trotsky was also unpopular. Stalin was parioned/insecure, which lead him to kill a lot of people he didn’t trust and it helped him stay in power. -
Invasion on China, 1931
In 1931, Japan invaded the Northern area of China, Manchuria, which had huge deposits of natural resources like coal. League of Nation did nothing. After a few years, they moved south and invaded the rest of China. During the invasion they took control on the Chinese capitol, Nanking. -
Enabling Act
The Reichstag fire gave Hitler total power and he convinced the Reichstag to pass the Enabling Act. This gave him the ability to act without their approval or involvement and without constitutional limits. In 1933, all parties were outlawed except for the Nazi party. -
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht was the 1st large scale violent attack on Jews. Retaliation for assassination of Nazis diplomat, Ernst von Rath, by a Polish Jew in Paris. The number killed is around 91, but hundreds of suicides. -
Chateau de Chenonceau
The Chateau de Chenonceau was built in the 1500s. During WWII, it was a means of escaping from the Nazi occupied zone on one zone of the River to the opposite bank, the "free" zone. -
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was Hitler's biggest mistake. Germany invades Russia on June 22nd, 1941. Britain no longer had to fight Germany alone. -
Pearl Harbor Attack
On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. This attack brought U.S. into the war. The next day, both U.S. and Japan declared war on each other. -
Phase 3: Camps
As part of the Final Solution, Nazis started taking Jews to camps. There were two types of camps, Concentration Camps and Extermination Camps. Jews from all over Europe were to be brought here. -
Operation Torch
Operation Torch, was the Allies plan assault on the weakest Axis area, North Africa. This went from November 1942 to May 1943. George Patton lead U.S. troops. Germans were tapped in Tunisia, surrendered over 275,000 troops. -
Battle of Stalingrad
Stalingrad was an important city for the Soviet Union. For weeks, Germans pressed on Stalingrad, winter came and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms. They got trapped in the city and surrendered. Soviets lost between 500,000 and 1,000,000 men in battle. This battle is a turning point for the Allies and is usually considered one of the most important battle of the war. -
Battle of the Bulge
The battle of the bulge, was Hitlers last offensive. The battle was from December 16, 1944 to January 28, 1945. Germany began a counterattack against the Allies as the Allies attempted to drive the Germans completely out of France. The battle showed desperation of German forces, they slowed down Allies advance, but couldn't completely stop it.
