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Jan 1, 632
Muhammad dies
Muhammad dies and his successors are known as the caliphs -
Period: Jan 2, 632 to Jan 1, 634
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph
Abu Bakr was a close associate of Muhammad. Many people were not loyal to any of the caliphs because they thought they should only be loyal to Muhammad. -
Period: Jan 1, 633 to Jan 1, 642
Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent, the North African coast, and parts of Persian and Byzantine Empires
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Period: Jan 2, 634 to Nov 10, 644
Umar is the second caliph
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Aug 23, 634
Abu Bakr dies
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Period: Nov 11, 644 to Jan 1, 656
Uthman is the third caliph
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Jan 1, 650
The second caliph Uthman has the Quran written down
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Jan 1, 656
Uthman is killed
Uthmna is killed by his own soldiers after discontent rises and a mutiny starts -
Period: Jan 2, 656 to Jan 1, 661
Ali is the fourth caliph
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Jan 1, 710
Arab armies enter Spain from North Africa
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Oct 22, 732
Battle of Tours
Muslims try to advance into Western Europe, but they are stopped. As a result, Muslims rule in Spain until 1942. However, the Muslims are not able to take Constantinople -
Ruling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam.
