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Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940)
Many organizations were large and industrialized. Frederick Taylor invented the scientific management theory. This theory required specification and organizational tasks. The workers were rewarded and punished. This theory worked well for assembly line workers (McNamara 2014). -
Fordism (1908 - 1914)
Henry Ford invented a mass-producing company by using an assembly line. He developed the conveyer belt. He also paid his workers more so that they could afford the cars they were producing (George, Jones 2014). -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie established his company by advancing technology. He invented steamed-powered looms that could produce mass quantities of cotton with a lower labor cost (George, Jones 2014). -
Fayol's Principles of Management
Henri Fayol created fourteen principles of management that he believed were crucial to increase efficiency of the management process (George, Jones 2014). -
Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950)
Max Weber added to the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. "Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control" (McNamara 2014). He suggested that organizations have operating procedures for all tasks. -
Human Relations Movement (1930-today)
Human resource departments were added to organizations. Behavioral sciences played an important role in understanding the needs of workers and the needs of an organization (McNamara 2014). -
The Theory of Buraucracy (1930 - 1950)
Max Weber developed the principles of bureaucracy. It is a system of an organization that is designed to get work done efficiently and effectively. It is based on five principles (George, Jones 2014) -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow believed that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. He believed that when one need is filled a person goes on and fills the next one. He created a five stage model divided into the basic needs. One must satisfy the lower lever of their needs before they can move up to their higher needs (McLeod 2014). -
The Fiedler Contingency Model
Fiedler's contingency theory claims that when a manager makes a decision, they have to take all aspects of the situation in account and act on the aspects that are most important (McNamara 2014). -
Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor created two sets of assumptions of how work attitudes contribute to how managers think and how they behave in the organization. The average worker dislikes work and will avoid it. Theories X and Y help managers make decisions to make them more productive (George, Jones 2014). -
The Open-Systems View
This is one of the most influential views of how organizations are affected by it's external environment. Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson developed the views. This system takes its external environment and makes it into goods and services that get sent back to the environment and get consumed by customers (George, Jones 2014). -
Self-actualization
Abraham Maslow created this theory that represents growth of an individual toward fulfillment of highest needs. He believed that if people could fulfill their highest needs, they would be able to find their meaning in life and they would be happy (McLeod 2014). -
Purchase of Expertise Model
Where there are some types of problems with an organization. They hire a consultant to fix it. The consultant must bring some expertise to solve the problem. This model allows clients to remove them selves from the problem if they are not able to solve it (Rockford 1993). -
Doctor Patient Model
This model focuses more on the client than the process. The model states that the client knows what is wrong with it, but doesn't know how to fix it. In this model the client takes the dependency role and gives the problem to the consultant. Just like a patient does with a doctor (Rockwood 1993). -
Process Consultant Model
In this model the emphasis shifts the focus of the content of the problem to solving the problem. The client basically has the consultant work with them to help solve the problem together (Rockwood 1993). -
Lean Manufacturing
Lean is like JIT, but its referred to as "a philosophy incorporating tools that seek to economically optimize time, human resources, assets and productivity while improving product and service quality" (Leong 2012). -
Supply Chain Management
One of the first uses of supply chain management was mentioned in a paper publisher in 1982. This type of management provided the United States manufactures with an incentive to offer lower costs, higher quality products with better customer services (Leong 2012). -
Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a program to help improve quality through the productive system. This system requires the firm to identify the customer's expectations and excel in meeting them. -
Chaos Theory
Managers had gone a long time thinking that every organization event can be fixed with some kind of theory. The chaos theory had recognized that not very many organization events can be fixed by a theory (McNamara 2014). -
Just In Time (JIT)
As supply chain management became introduced they would begin using strategies such as JIT inventory to keep their costs down. They would gather information on their inventory and respond to their customers needs by getting the customer what they wanted as soon as they could with out large amount of investments made.
