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318 BCE
Aristotle describes life with the Scala Naturae
Aristotle describes life with the Scala Nature in the 318 BCE. The meaning of this is represented by a ladder that is supposed to be organized with interesting details for living things. Aristotle creative thinking was that most living things were supposed to be in a hierarchical position on a metaphorical ladder which represents perfection as well as importance of life. On the map, you will noticed there is humans, angels, and god at the very top and other things that are living at the bottom. -
162 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body in 162 BCE. In Roman Empire, Aelius Galenus is famous for being a greek surgeon, physician and phulosopher. Galen had an excellent outlook on anatomy and how the methods should. Galen would disect animals because it was the closet to a human for learning the human anatomy. -
Lamark develops an hypothesis
Lamark develops an hypothesis of evolution of acquired characteristics to explain how species normally change. Lamarck would travel to certain countries to collect species data from an animal which is know to be a giraffe and the traits as well. This was published in 1801. -
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The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle was in the 1831 when Charles Darwin sailed around the world to collect data from animals and plants. -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes in 1858. Alfred is known to be a naturalist that published his work in Malaysia and did similar work of Darwin's for almost over 25 years. -
The origin of species by means of Natural Selection
The origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published on November 24 1859. This known to be a scientific literature which is by Charles Darwin and most scientist consider this a big part of biology. -
Louis Pasteur refute spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur refute spontaneous generation in 1859. He introduced the glass flask that is “s” shaped to prevent any bacteria entering inside. Louis would put some broth inside a flask and boil it to make it sterile. He waited for a couple of weeks and stated that no bacteria had grown inside. That time the spontaneous generation was invalid. Louis stated the only way to have bacteria grow is if there was some bacteria previously inside the flask. -
The Germ Theory of Disease
The Germ Theory of Disease is published in 1864 where Robert makes a hypothesis based on bacterium produces specific diseases and proves it by his experimental steps which is known to be Koch’s postulates. -
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants in 1866. He noticed that the plants we offspring which contain traits from the parents also known as “Father of Genetics” -
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The Challenger Oceanography Expedition
The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world and would investigate the seafloor, biology, geology, oceans, and chemistry. It would sail from Portsmouth, England which was on December 21, 1872 and would change the history of science. -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria and is found to be a parasite in a blood that was contracted from malaria. It was a agent in humans. Normally, it is transmitted by female mosquito. The first to discover this is Charles Louis a French physician 1880. -
Hardy and Weinberg
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations -
T. Hunt Morgan discovered sex-linkage
T. Hunt Morgan discovered sex-linkage is a phenotype expression by an allele that is dependent of gender and is directly converted to a sex chromosomes. In 1910, the first to discover genetic linkage would be Thomas Hunt Morgan that explained the process of sex linkage in a broader sense. -
Neils Bohr developed the Bohr model of atom structure
Neils Bohr developed the Bohr model of atom structure in 1913. The model represents a atom that is a small positive charge in the nucleus. This may seem silir to the Solar System but The Bohr model is powered by electrons and the other is by gravity. -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation ground breaking experiment
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation ground breaking experiment in 1928. Griffith is known to use two strain of pneumococcus in his experiment which is a bacteria that tends to inject the mice. Griffith had noticed that the bacteria was able to transfer genetic information through this process which is transformation. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
Barbara McClintock describes transposons as “jumping genes” which is know to be a sequence of DNA that moves from one area to another in the genome. Barbara McClintock is known to be a geneticist and was awarded for a Nobel prize in 1983 for publishing the mobile genetic elements. McClintock discovered transposons in 1931 which mean a gene would move from one area to another on a chromosome when she would experiment on a breeding plant. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species in 1937. Theodosius stated that explaining the spiection is better than mutation. -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis in 1941. The hypothesis would state that each gene is produced by a single enzyme. This would affect the metabolic pathway. Beadle and Tatum won a Nobel Prize in 1958 for presenting an experiment. -
Jacques Cousteau
Jacques Cousteau is believed to be a scientist and explore the oceans life. He develops a SCUBA in 1943 for swimmers who enjoyed the deep sea life and exploring all types of creatures. -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code was published in 1944. Basically, the genetic code represented a chemical substance that would change rough cells into smooth cells -
The first atomic bomb is used in war
The first atomic bomb is used in war by the United States in 1945. It was known to be right before WWII when a famous scientist by the name of Albert Einstein announced to the president about supplies in Germany to build the first atomic bomb to bomb Japan. Link text -
Ensatina described as a ring species is a range of California
Ensatina described as a ring species is a range of california that represents the coast of California. Certain ranges seem to breed but at the end of species they do not breed. There is also an wording for the groups it is called subspecies. (1949) -
Hershey-Chase experiment was published 1952
Hershey-Chase experiment was published in 1952 by a nobel winner named A.D. Hershey. The experiment normally showed some genetics with a bacterial virus that was in the DNA. -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops a model structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops a model structure of DNA in 1952. -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. It represented x-ray studies in photographs of DNA. -
Miller-Urey experiments
Miller-Urey experiments published in 1953. The experiment contained chemicals that Stanley Miller and Harold Urey would produce an condition they had a thought on at present of the Earth’s early years and would test the chemicals of life with those conditions. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication in 1958 where they created an hypothesis for DNA replications. In their hypothesis it would represent one stand for a parents double helix in a new DNA molecule. Meselson and Stahl were also known as scientist that conducted such a hypothesis. -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code in 1966. Marshall W. Nirenberg was known to a biochemist at the National Institute of Arthritic and Metabolic Diseases. He was the first to discover a triplet sequence of DNA that contained three bases and provided codes for one of the twenty amino acids that were blocks of proteins. In 1966, that's when the genetic code was finally cracked by Marshall Nirenberg, Har Khorana, and Severo Ochoa. Marshal than won a Nobel prize and shared it with the others. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis in 1967. Lynn Margulis is known to be an American Biologist which would give an hypothesis of Endosymbiotic by eukaryotic cell process from the modern state of how earth would work. The theory would represent of how eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic organisms processed. Margulis later advanced the theory with microbiological evidence. -
Apollo 11 landed on the moon
Apollo 11 landed on the moon. Apollo 11 is believed to be the first mission that landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described as a technology
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described as a technology that would process genes and edit the genome which was done by medical researchers. The process would start by removing, adding sections of the DNA sequence. It was discovered in the 1970s. -
The Sanger Technique is developed
The Sanger Technique is developed in the 1970s where a method of DNA is sequenced on a selected DNA polymerase during the DNA replication. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species in 1973. It was an essay based on anti-evolution and arguments based on evolution. It would state some religious and beliefs even view on how fields of science would work. -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered in 1974 by Donald Johans. Lucy was known to be an hominid ape that was discovered in East Africa. -
Deep sea hydro-thermal vents and associated life around them
Deep sea hydro-thermal vents and associated life around them are discovered in 1977. The vents were normally cause by a fissure in the planets of surface from heated water flows. A scientist would explore the rifts in that area and came in contact the the same vents. -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep is cloned in 1977. Dolly the Sheep is known to be the first mammal that was successfully cloned from an older age cell. Dolly was cloned at Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland. -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosomes were discovered and described as a sequence that is 5’ and ‘3 of a introns in 1977. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction is known to be a technique that would allow scientist to make lots of copies of samples of DNA. The technique would quickly copy lots of segments of DNA. In 1985 it was published by Kary Mullis a nobel prize winner that was a chemist at Cetus Corporation in California. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape by using DNA evidence and occurred in 1987. He was known to be the first rapist in America where police would take a sample of semen to do tests on it. They later found matched and Andrew was later sentenced to jail for 22 years. -
“Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura”
“Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” published in 1989. Diane M. B. Dodd was known to publish a book on her experiment with fruit flies. -
The Innocence Project
The Innocence Project is founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. The project was known to be a non-profit legal organization that would incorrectly convict individuals through a DNA testing and would prevent any future injustice. -
The sahelanthropus was discovered
The sahelanthropus was discovered in Chad 2001. Scientist believe that the Sahelanthropus that was discovered is believed to be the oldest hominid. A found six figures of the hominid specimens during this time of the fossil discovery. -
Human genome is fully sequenced
Human genome is fully sequenced on April, 14 2003. It was completed by the National Human Genome Research Institute as well as by their partners. -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
Homo denisova fossil discovered in 2008 which is known to be an extinct species of human genomes Homo. It was discovered in the Denisova Cave which was located in the southwestern Siberia. It was unidentified at the moment until 2010 when classified it as a remain of ancient homo genus. -
Richard L Bible
Richard L Bible is executed for murder, kidnapper, and a molester of a child named Jennifer Wilson. The child's body was found near a tree known to be hidden by branches with her hands tied which was near Flagstaff, Arizona. They did an DNA test on Bible with the blood that was on his shirt which matched the victim. They executed Bible as soon as possible for his crimes. -
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References
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/irwin.html.php?id=4325
http://www.biology-pages.info/H/Hershey_Chase.html
https://ncse.com/files/pub/creationism/icons/gishlick_icons1.pdf
https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html -
References
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4343198/
http://nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/
http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html
http://articles.latimes.com/1997-03-02/local/me-33996_1_serial-rapist
http://www.truthinjustice.org/ips.htm
http://australianmuseum.net.au/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
References
https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html
http://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage03.html
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/bible1259.htm
http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/challenger.html
