-
130 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Claudius Galenus was known as one of the best physicians during the Roman Empire. He was born in the year 130 in a very small Greek city which now is Turkey in today society. Galen was a medical philosopher and contribute in a variety of theories such as the three variety pneuma, vital energy, and the Four Faculties of the organism. Also, he was interested in the human body and dissected animals to analyze different organs. Hwhttp://www.greekmedicine.net/whos_who/Galen.html -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck was recognized in science community because of his " Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics", it was introduced in 1801. In other words, this study was based on if an organism alters during life to its environment or changes passed in offspring. A good example would be "elephants all used to have short trunks." http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
The HMS Beagle was a very historical ship and famous because of the expedition of Charles Darwin. The ship initially helped the Royal Navy as a survey ship. Therefore, Charles Darwin paid tribute to the ship and titled his study "The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle." -
The Germ Theory of Disease
Many scientiest had different theories about germs. However, Louis Pasteur was the co-founder of "The Germ Theory Disease." Pasteur started his research in Lille France in 1854. Afterwards, he discovered the process was caused by a living organism, so-called "ferment". https://bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
The spontaneous generation was the belief that living things developed from nonliving things. Louis Paster boiled a meat broth in a flask that had an S shape. He that bacteria gets destroyed by heating beverages and allowing them to cool.
https://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402 -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Darwin was a very well-known scientist who was very interested in botany and natural science. Later he travels to South America for five years to further his research. Subsequently, after five years researching, he developed a theory of natural selection. He then wrote a book called "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection." This book was very influential for future generations. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published -
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritances of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel as known the father of genetics. His devotion was pea plants and during his work, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. Which means that genes come in pairs and past on as distinct units, one from each parent. Furthermore, Mendel found out that appearance in the offspring can be dominant or recessive traits by tracking genes of predecessors. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium is the unicellular protozoan parasite which humans can obtain by mosquitos. This parasite can be deadly to humans. Another related parasite is called malaria and this is known as the deadliest parasite. millions of people died due to malaria Ronald Ross discovered in 1897 that mosquitos transmitted this parasite -
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is the process that involves the fundamental concept of population genetics. Other words the mathematical equation shows the distribution and expression of alleles. Therefore, the frequency is then determined by the dominant and recessive alleles. The mathematical equation is (p2+2pq+q2+1). http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American who was very curious why male fruit fly had white eyes instead of normal red eyes. So, then he began to do more research and began to analyze the transmission of genetic traits; by breeding, flies to determine the cause of white eyes. Therefore, his chromosome theory was confirmed and was the first person to find out about the link of inherited traits among chromosomes. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452 -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
The "Bohr Atomic Model" was the discovery of the quantized shell model of atoms that described how electrons orbit the nucleus. There were many debates that Rutherford model was unstable because electrons would lose their energy if they orbit around the nucleus. However, to end all debates he modified his theory by saying that electron can be stable by jumping orbit to another. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html -
Frederick Griffith the process of transformation
Frederick was a scientist researching for a vaccine against the Spanish flu. During his experiment, he used a two strain of Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria. Therefore, during his investigation, he discovered that gene transfer took place between two different bacteria strain. As a result, a bacteria that kills living cells help develop a vaccine against the Spanish flu who killed millions of people. http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/43672.aspx -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
In the mid-twenty century, three scientist Oswaldo Avery, MacLeod and Mccarty confirmed the essential role of DNA and how it transports, so-called genetic information by elaborating with the bacterium that causes pneumonia, Streptococcus. https://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
During an experiment two scientists, Alfred Hershey and Martha found the genetic material in the organism. Additionally, their experiment resulted in an unmistakable proof to DNA as genetic material. In another words virus that impact bacteria was very important to Hershey and Chase experiment.
“The Hershey and Chase Experiments: DNA as the Genetic Material.” Biology, Byjus Classes, 9 Nov. 2017, byjus.com/biology/dna-genetic-material/. -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
In May 1952 women by the name, Rosalind Franklin was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly in Photo 51. This amazing discovery unveiled the DNA double helix. https://www.livescience.com/39804-rosalind-franklin.html -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
The double helix was first discovered in 1953 by two scientist James Watson and Francis Crick. This twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic was very significant in the history of science. In other words, this process gave birth to modern molecular biology, which consisted in how genes control the chemical processes within. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
In 1954 Matt Meselson and Franklin Stahl net in the summer and years later published their paper on the DNA structure. They had their differences but they joined forces and cracked the puzzle. Melson and Stahl's method experiment consisted E. Coli bacterium to determined DNA replication. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/mode-of-dna-replication-meselson-stahl-experiment -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
In mid-twentieth century a biochemist by the name Marshall Nirenberg who attended at the Institution of Arthritic and Metabolic Disease. cracks the mysterious genetic code. He found out the first triplet a sequence of three bases of DNA codes. As a result, one of many amino acids serves as building blocks. Years later people figured all the genetic code. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
The Endosymbiotic Theory describes how eukaryotic cells had evolved from prokaryotic cells also known "Symbiosis in Cell Evolution." The theory was first introduced in the mid-twentieth century by Lynn Margulis, and after many years of research, she discovers the similarity between both cells. Her hypothesis was proven because aerobic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria can survive as long they continue their partnership. https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
During this period, President Kennedy's challenge was put the first man on the moon. NASA sent Apollo 8 all the way to the moon and it was the first manned flight of massive Saturn V rocket. In the morning of July 16, Apollo astronaut Neli Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins sat on top of the rocket and the rocket launch. On July 16 at 10:56 p.m. the first man set foot on the moon. www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary Banks Mullis won a Noble Prize for chemistry for his creation of polymerase chain reaction. In other words, this procedure makes DNA to copy itself in billions of times each hour. The study consisted of double-stranded DNA Segments to be copied and then called template. This study began in 1973 at the University of California. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kary-B-Mullis -
The Sanger Technique is developed
The method "Sanger Sequencing" is the approach of DNA sequence based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. Which means how DNA replicates by DNA polymerase. The purpose of this study was to prove that variants can be identified from NGS. The study was created by researcher Federick Sanger and his colleagues. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/sanger-sequencing -
29. Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Hydrothermal vents are found by volcanic active places. For example, areas where tectonic plates move or separate from one another. Later in the in the late twentieth century, Thomas Gold wrote a paper called "The Deep Hot Biosphere." This study was about the lower levels of the earth have a very special biological material that finds its way to the surface. https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/saltwater-science/hot_stuff_life_on_a -
CRISPr/CAS 9
The CRISPr/CAS9 is a DNA sequence that is inside of bacteria. The sequence contained fragments of DNA from viruses that attack the bacteria. In other words is bacteria defense system that creates a basis that would change the genes inside organisms. This process was discovered in the late twentieth century by a scientist Yoshizumi Ishino in Japan. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 -
The Innocence Project is founded
The Innocence project consisted of a non-profit organization that convicted civilians through the use of DNA testing. Subsequently, this test was to prevent future incidents or injustice. The project first started in the late twentieth century and the two people ahead of the investigation was Barry Sheck and Peter Neufeld. https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Spliceosomes were discovered
In late twenty century, two scientists Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts discovered RNA splicing. Which means Spliceosome is machine found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The spliceosome is assembled from snRNA and protein complex. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rna-splicing-introns-exons-and-spliceosome-12375 -
Dolly the sheep
Dolly, the sheep was very special sheep because it was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned with adult cells. She was born February 22, 1997, and her iconic name came from a suggestion by the stockmen who helped her birth. The method of her creation was the somatic cell nuclear transfer which by combining two cells creates an embryo. This experiment created an ethical debate that still exists in modern day. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/dolly_the_sheep.htm -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
In 2001 a scientist by name Michael Brunet found the first fossil of "Sahelanthropus." Brunet was a French paleontologist who led the group scientist during exploration. The reason why this fossil was an extraordinary exploration because the early human in Africa had only been found in the Great Rift Vally in East Africa and South Africa. However, the fossil was discovered in West Africa. (http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis) -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richards Bible execution and Death Row coverage were very significant because on June 12 and July 1, 2011, new paper outlet the Daily Sun published 30 stories and many photos while the pending execution. The murder of 9-year-old Jennifer was on June 6, 1998. This was a very tragic moment for the community of Flagstaff and many remember that dark period. He is then sentenced to death by the State of Arizona. https://storify.com/azds/richard-bible-execution-and-death-row-coverage
