-
Gregor Mendel
-tested about 29,000 bean plants between 1856 and 1863[12]
-scientist and Augustinian friar,Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Empire[12]
-use peas for his experiments and cross-fertilize with different characteristics[12]
-came up with Law of Segregation, established that there are dominant and recessive traits, Law of Independent Assortment, established that traits were passed on independently of other traits[12]
-demostrated that inheritance traits in pea plants follows particular patterns[12] -
Hugo de Vries
-began genetic experiments with plants in 1880,published on 1900, retired in 1918[13]
-Dutch botanist, geneticist, Haarlem, Netherlands[13]
-conduct experiments hybridising varieties of multiple plant species using laws of dominance and excessiveness, segregation and independent assortment to explain 3:1 ratio [14]
-suggest concept of genes, rediscovered the laws of heredity[13]
-Darwin Medal in 1906,Linnean Medal in 1929 [14] -
Walter S Sutton
-start development with chromosome pairs in 1903 to 1915[24]
-American geneticist and physician, Utica, NY[24]
-enrolled in University of Kansas in biology, received both Bachelor and Master degrees by 1901[24]
-did cytological study work with grasshoppers showed that chromosomes occur in matched pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes[25]
-theorize Mendelian laws of inheritance can apply to chromosomes at the cellular level of organisms[25] -
Thomas Hunt Morgan
-work with Drosophila at 1904 at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena until 1945[29]
-American biologist, geneticist,Lexington, Kentucky[29]
- educated in University of Kentucky, took B.S degree, received PhD in zoology in 1890[29]
-use test cross on fruit flies and identified genotypic and phenotypic ratio between flies,found out that trait followed patterns of sex chromosome inheritance[29]
-demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes[29]
-Darwin Medal, Nobel Prize 1933[29 -
Martha Chase with Hershey
-worked as a laboratory assistant in 1952 to Alfred Hershey at Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory and ended career in science in 1960[27]
-American geneticist, born in Cleveland Heights, Ohio[27]
-bachelor's degree from The College of Wooster and PhD from the University of Southern California[27]
-Same Scientific Contribution and Model as Hershey -
Alfred Hershey with Chase
- Department of Bacteriology, worked with bacteriophage from 1940 to 1952[26] -American bacteriologist,Owosso, Michigan[26] -add isotopes in the bacteriophage, for progeny to infect unlabeled bacteria using centrifugation to separate the phage coat -bacteria are lysed to release phage progeny, the one represented DNA remained labelled, while the progeny represented protein were unlabeled[26] -confirms that DNA is the genetic material, not protein[26] -Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1969[26]
-
Edward Tatum with Beadle
-work as Research Associate,became professor of biochemistry [18]
-American geneticist,Boulder, Colorado[18]
-educated at UoC and Wisconsin, A.B in chemistry,M.S in microbiology,and PhD degree in biochemistry[18]
-crossed potential mutants with the non-irradiated ,mutant spores would not replicate without arginine
-developed four strains of arginine-dependent Neurospora, each have lost use of a specific gene that ordinarily facilitates one particular enzyme[18]
-Nobel Prize in Physiology[18] -
George Beadle with Tatum
-work in 1936 with Tatum as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology until 1961[19]
-American scientist,Wahoo, Nebraska[19]
- showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. [20]
-received Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1958 and many other awards[19]
Scientific Model same as Tatum -
Oswald Avery
-research at Hoagland Laboratory in 1907, A-M-M experiment in 1944[23]
-Canadian born American physician[23]
-AB in 1900 from Colgate University, M.D from the Columbia College[23]
-extracted components from heated S bacteria, then mixed with R bacteria
-R bacteria transformed each time until DNA was extracted from S cells, concluded that DNA was the transforming principle[23]
-discovered that DNA is the material genes and chromosome are made
-award from Royal Society of London and others[23] -
Animal Cloning
-clones are organisms with identical genetic material[38]
-1951, first successful clone of a frog egg was created, though some early attempts at cloning in the 1800's were made. [38]
-first cloned mammal, a sheep was born on 5th July 1996 by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute[38]
- nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division[38]
-new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop[38] -
Erwin Chargaff
-work in1935 as a research associate at Columbia University, withdrawnn 1962[17]
-Austrian biochemist, Czernowitz, Austria-Hungary[17]
-studied chemistry in Vienna,doctorate in 1924, research fellow in Yale[17]
-use paper chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, proved the tetranucleotide hypothesis false,shown and number of guanine units is equal to the number of cytosine[17]
-dissevered two rules lead to the discovery of DNA structure[17]
-Pasteur Medal,National Medal of Science[17] -
Rosalind Franklin
-work in King's College, 1951on x-ray diffraction of proteins, then worked with DNA until 1953[16]
-British biophysicist and x-ray crystallographer[16]
-Enrolled in Newnham College,then three years at Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiquies de L'Etat to learn x-ray diffraction[16]
-uses x-ray diffraction techniques to the structure of DNA with new fine focus x-ray tube and micro camera
-Franklin's sphotograph 51of DNA confirmed DNA structure[16]
-helped with the discovery of double helix[16] -
Francis Crick with Watson
-member of the Medical Research Council Unit since 1949 and worked in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge until 1962[31]
-English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist[31]
-studied physics in University College, and obtained B.Sc in 1937, PhD in 1954[31]
-Scientific Model and Contribution same as Watson -
James Watson with Crick
-work in the Cavendish Laboratory in 1951[30]
-American molecular biologist,B.Sc degree in zoology at UoC, received,PhD in Indiana University[30]
-using data from previous experimenters, suggest the amount of A is the amount of T, the amount of C is the amount of G, proven by Rosalind's photo with regular pattern at 34 angstroms[32]
-co-discovered the structure of DNA with Crick[30]
-Lasker Foundation Award, Research Corporation Award, Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine[30] -
Matthew Meselson with Stahl
-start in 1960at Harvard faculty[21]
-American geneticist,Denver, Colorado[21]
-grow Escherichia coli with N-15, then N-14 and extract DNA with density centrifugation[21]
-the hybrid DNA are shown that one parental strand and one that had been newly synthesized[21]
-the double helix splits into two, each of the single strands acting as a template for the synthesis of a complementry strand[21]
-shown DNA is replicated by a semi conservative mechanism[21]
-Lasker Award,Mendel Medal[21] -
Franklin Stahl with Meselson
-collaboration with Matthew Meselson in 1955,undertook analyses of mutation,genetic recombination andDNA replication in Escherichia coli[22]
-American molecular biologist and geneticist[22]
-AB degree in biology from Harvard College in 1951, received PhD in biology in 1956[22]
- conducted the Meselson-Stahl experiment showing that DNA is replicated by a semi conservative mechanism[22]
-awarded two Guggenheim Fellowships, a MacArthur Fellowship
Scientific Model is same as Meselson -
Bioinformatics
- early contributor to bioinformatics was Elvin A. Kabat[35] -is the field that develops and improves upon methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data[35] -develop software tools to generate useful biological knowledge[35] -bioinformatics techniques such as image and signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data, aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations[35]
-
Alec Jeffreys
-starts in University of Leicester,later Professor of Genetics[10]
-British geneticist, Oxford,England[11]
-Oxford University for biochemistry, PhD in 1975[11]
-develop process to isolate the "mini satellites" of the human DNA, through x-ray films[11]
-discovered that each individual all varies greatly and the pattern appeared to be unique[11]
-developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling[11]
-Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research,Great Briton Award in 2006[11] -
Kary Mullis
-worked as chemist for Cetus Corp in 1983 until 1986[15]
-American biochemist, Lenoir, North Carolina[15]
-Bachelor of Science in chemistry at Georgia Institute of Technology,PhD in biochemistry from the UoC[15]
-crated method of amplifying DNA using a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and copy it using DNA polymerase[15]
-recognized for his polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique[15]
-Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Japan Prize in 1993 [15] -
Lap Chee Tsui
-start in 1981at Hospital of Sick Children, UOFT[6]
-born Shanghai, received bachelor and master's degrees at University of Hong Kong,PhD from University of Pittsburgh[7]
-use chromosome jumping by cutting DNA into fragments with enzymes to determine chromosome involved with cystic fibrosis[8]
-identified defective gene that causes cystic fibrosis and the characterization of chromosome 7[9]
-Distinguished Scientist Award,XII Sanremo International Award for Genetic Research, CMA Medal of Honour -
Christine Bear
-work is ongoing at SickKids from 1992[28]
-Canadian scientist, born in Toronto, received bachelor and PhD at University of Toronto, and master at McGill University[28]
-developed novel methods and discovered that the protein produced by the CFTR gene functions as a pore in the cell membrane which mediates chloride flux and accounts for normal fluid transport in airways, pancreatic ducts, gastrointestinal tract and the sweat ducts[28]
-contributed in research of Cystic Fibrosis[28] -
Genetically Modified Food
-are foods derived from genetically modified organisms specifically, genetically modified crops[33]
-GMOs have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques, are much more precise than mutagenesis [330
-other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding and somaclonal variation.
-Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its Flavr Savr delayed ripening tomato[33] -
Human Cloning
- the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human[37]
- two commonly discussed types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning[37] -scientist Richard Seed had announced intentions to set up a Human Clone Clinic in 1998[37] -scientists reprogrammed an adult human egg cell to an embryonic state using cloning technology and created a self-reproducing line of embryonic stem cells from the developing embryo in 2011[37]
-
Francis Collins in Human Genome Project
-work in1978 as chief residency at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, currently Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research in 1993[1]
-American physician-geneticist, Staunton, Virginia[1]
-B.S in chemistry in 1970 at the University of Virginia,PhD in physical chemistry in 1974, M.D in1977[1]
-completed Human Genome Project as leader[2]
-received Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007,National Medal of Science in 2008[2]
Scientific model same Venter -
Human Genome Project
-completed in 2003,was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health[34]
Project goals were to
-identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA[34]
-determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA[34]
-store this information in databases[34]
-improve tools for data analysis[34]
-transfer related technologies to the private sector[34] -
Craig Venter in Human Genome Project
-work in1982 on sections of NIH,currently president of J. Craig Venter Institute,on synthetic genomics [3]
-American biochemist-geneticist,Salt Lake City, UT[3]
-BS degree in biochemistry ,PhD degree in physiology from the University of California [3]
-completed the genetic linkage map of the human genome using the hierarchical shotgun approach, by braking the genome into large chunks, then mapped to chromosomes before selected for sequencing[4]
-National Medal of Science,Kistler Prize[5] -
Stem Cell Research
-suggest that these embryonic stem cells are capable of becoming almost any of the specialised cells in the body and therefore have the potential to generate replacement cells for a broad array of tissues and organ[36]
- in 1998 James Thomson, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, removed cells from spare embryos at fertility clinics and grew them in the laboratory[36]
-Embryonic stem cell research has yet to yield any clinical trials[36]
