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Galen of Pergamon Describes th Human Body
Galen was the son of a wealthy architect. He was a well educated Philosopher. Galen changed his career to medicine when he was 16yo, which he studied at Perganum, Smyrna, & Alexandria in Egypt. He dissected & experimented on mostly lower animals. It improved both surgical skills & research purposes. 157CE https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck Develops Hypothesis of Evolution
Lamarck was known for his Theory of Inheritance of a Acquired Characteristics. He believed that all elephants uses to have small trunks until there was no food of water. They would have to stretch their trunks to get to the food or water. He also said that there are some human body parts not being used, such as the appendix and little toes. He said that people will eventually be born without them http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin was 22 years old when he joined the HMS Beagle as the ships naturalist for a trip around the world. He filled dozens of notebooks with his observations. The Beagle surveyed the coast of South America for most of the next 5 years. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
The Origin of the Species
It was published by Charles Darwin & its initial print run was sold out immediately. The book had run through six editions by 1872, & became one of the most poweful books of the 21st century. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published -
Louis Pasteur Refute Spontaneous Generation
Spontaneous generation was a prevalent scientific method to explain how life came to be. Pasteur boiled some nutrient broth inside a flask while still open to the air where the sterile broth was. The broth stayed sterile for a whole year until the long neck of the flask was broken by Pasteur. https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/louis-pasteur-spontaneous-generation-germ-theory/ -
Gregor Mendel Works on Inheritance of Traits in Pea Plants
Gregor Mendal was known as the father of genetics. He began with pure breeding plants because they produced progeny with same characteristics as the parent plant. He cross bred these plants. Either pea plant was recessive or dominant. The peas didnt always match the parents https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2000-mendel-s-principles-of-inheritance -
The Germ Theory of disease
Jerima Hodkinson explores the germ theory along with 2 other scientists, Louis Pasteur, & Robert Koch. They researched how to cure diseases like the flu, chicken pox, & pneumonia. Without this knowledge we would have never figured out ways to treat & prevent these infections. https://bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory -
Plasmodium Falciparum
It is a parasite of humans and the deadliest species of plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. Alphonse was the first to identify it. Ronald Ross discovered its transmission by mosquito https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum -
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Equation
Godfrey Hardy (an english mathematician), & Wilhelm Weinberg (an german physician) concluded in 1908 that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable. They developed a simple equation that can be used to discover the probable genotype frequencies. The equations is known as the Hardy-Wenberg Equilibrium Equation. Geneticists in the 20th century where able to use the punnett squares to predict the probability of offsprings. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/synthetic/synth_2.htm -
Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovers Sex-Linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan looked at a male fruit fly one day through a hand lens & didnt think it looked right. The fly had white eyes instead of red. He had interest in how this could be so decided to run some genetics tests. Morgan would be the first person to link the inheritance of a specific trait with a chromosome. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452 -
Neils Bohr Develops the Bohr Model of an Atom Structure
Neils Bohr was of the foremost scientists of modern physics. His greatest contribution was the atomic model, that shows the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. The element named for him is the chemical element Bohrium (Bh) No. 107 https://www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html -
Frederick Griffith process of transformation
Griffith used 2 strains of pneumococcus bacteria, type lll-S & ll-R. The transforming principle experiment in the first stage showed that the mice injected with lll-S died & lived when injected with ll-R. The lll-S has a smooth polysaccharide coat, which makes it resistant to the immune system. The ll-R strain lacks this coat and so will be destroyed by the immune system. https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Avery, MacLoed, & McCarty determine DNA carries genetic code
Oswald Avery & his colleagues published the "Journal of Experimental Medicine" in the 20th century. Their journal was the first evidence that genes are made of DNA. His colleagues that were along side him were, Colin MacLoed, & Maclyn McCarty, They were all attending the Rockefeller Institute. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213015157 -
Hershey-Chase Experiments
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase conducted the Blender experiment to determine radioisoptoping techniques function of viral protein & nucleic acid in the multiplication of Bacteriophage. http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Hershey_&_Chase_1952.html -
Rosalind Franklin "Image 51"
Rosalind Franklin was born 7-25-1920 in London. She helped uncover the Double Helix structure of DNA as an x-ray crystallographer. Franklin's photograph was claimed to be "amongst the most beautiful x-ray photo of any substance ever taken" and it was labelled Image 51 taken of B-DNA. For Crick And Watson, it provided critical data for building their DNA double helix model. http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Franklin -
Meselson and Sthl work on DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl demonstrated during the 1950s of semi conservative replication of DNA. The experiment semmed a debate among other scientists about how DNA replicated. They successfully incorporated the heavy substitution in parental DNA. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/meselson-stahl-experiment-1957-1958-matthew-meselson-and-franklin-stahl -
Endosymbiosis is Described by Lynn Margulis
Margulis studied the structure of cells. Wriggly bodies that generate the energy are called mitochondria. Some scientists said that it looke like bacteria. Margulis spent alot of the 1960s arguing that symbiosis was unrecognized cell. She published her argument in 1970 called the Origin of Eukaryotic cells. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24 -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Marshall Nirenberg discovered the first "triplet" DNA that codes for one of the 20 amino acids. The breakthrough came when Mattaei added "poly U" to the mix. Nirenberg & Matthaei concluded that the RNA sequence "UUU" directs the addition of Phenylalanine. Nirenberg & Khorana were awarded the nobel prize in 1968 in physiology or medicine. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
Watson and Crick Propose the Double Helix Model DNA Structure
Watson, Crick, & Wilkins jointly received the Nobel prize in Physiology of medicine of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). There was a new understanding of heredity & hereditary disease. It was possible once DNA was determined to have 2 chains twisted around each other. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/james-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin -
Apollo 11
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, & Edwin E. Aldrin were the first humans to step on the moon on Sunday July 20,1969. On July 24 @ 11:49am Apollo 11 splashed down about 812 miles southwest of Hawaii after an successful mission https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/07/45-years-ago-we-landed-men-on-the-moon/100775/#article -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Discovered by two scientist Phillp Allen Sharp & Richard J. Roberts. The initial discovery led to the resolution in which scientists had discovered the difference in the cytoplasm cell. The spliceosome is considered one of the most complicated macromulecular machine in the eukaryotic cell. The splicing requires there to be three sequences in the introns. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/RNA/RNA_modification/RNA_splicing -
The Sanger Technique
Fredrick Sanger developed the classical "rapid DNA sequence" technique. The varying lengths of DNA fragments are separated through a gel matrix when a technique called Electrophoresis is applied. He shared the nobel prize in chemistry in 1980 for his contributions to DNA sequencing methods. https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/11 -
Deep sea hydro thermal vents
Scientist made a fascinating discovery. They were exploring the Galapagos Rift & wondered how deep sea temps could change so drastically. They realized that an entirely unique eco system exsited around the vents. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase chain Reaction
The (PCR) technique was invented by Kary Mullis. It allowed scientist to make millions of copies of DNA. This technique is used by criminologist to link a specific person to blood and hair samples.
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CRISPR\CAS9
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) refers to the way short , repeated DNA sequences in the genomes of bacteria and other micro organisms are organised. CRISPR RNA system was replaced with a modified guide RNA. Scientists can cut & paste parts of the DNA sequence, by feeding CAS9 the right sequence. http://www.wired.co.uk/article/crispr-cas9-technique-explained -
Richard L. Bible was Executed
Richard L. Bible was put to death 23 years & 5 days after Jennifer Wilsons body was found. Jennifer was only 9 years old. He kidnapped and killed little Jennifer. Bible was the 25th to die by lethal injection and the 90th inmate executed in AZ since 1910. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/arizona-executes-richard-bible-for-killing-9-year-old-girl-in-1988/ -
The Innocence Project
The innocence project seeks to exonerate the wrongly convicted through the use of mostly DNA. It is an authorized student organization at CUA. It was first founded at Benjamin N. Cardoza School of Law at Yeshiva University by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. http://innocenceproject.law.edu/welcome.cfm -
Dolly the Sheep Gets Cloned
(7\5\96-2\14\03) As part of an experiment trying to develop a better method for producing modified livestock, Dolly was cloned. Cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of an 6yo sheep and an egg taken from blackface sheep. Her surrogate blackface mother gave birth to Dolly on July 5 1996. She was named after the country singer Dolly Parton because she was cloned from a mammary gland cell. http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html -
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
Discovered in 2001 in West-Central Africa (Chad) by Michael Brunet. They walked upright to survive in diverse habitats, & mainly had a plant based diet. The skull indicates that they had a small brain (slightly smaller than a chimpanzees). http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
Human Genome Fully Sequenced
It was one of the great feats of exploration of history. It was completed in April 2003 & it gave us the ability to read matures complete genetic blueprint for building a human being. https://www.genome.gov/10001772/all-about-the--human-genome-project-hgp/
