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Cells
Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope -
Gregor Mandel
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk working with pea plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits. -
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk working with pea plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits. -
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, win making and the brrewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the germ theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectious disease -
Johann Miescher
-- found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DAN might be inheritable material of an organism. -
Fruit Flies
Thomas hunt morgan discovered that genes wer on chromosomes -
Sir Alexander Fleming
--isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today. -
Chargaff
-- showed that DNA the number of units of adenine epualed those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine. -
Beadle and Tatum
--Proposed the "One gene produces one enzyme" hypothesis -
Avery, McCarty, and McLeod
--established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred. -
Rsalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix -
Hayes
Discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria -
Walter Gilbert
discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA -
Arber, Nathans, and Smith
discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA -
Khorana and Nirenberg
discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins -
DNA plasmids
Plasmids were isolated and purified by Vinograd -
Madel and Higa
They were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli -
Cloning experiments
Conducted by Boyer and Cohen -
Genentech
The world's first genetic engineering CO., was founded -
Recombinant DNA
140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer -
Sanger and Gilbert
found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. -
Boyer E. coli
Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli -
Botstein
Botstein found that one could be identifed by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -
Louise Joy Brown
Louis was born, the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb -
Biotech companies
The US Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life froms can be patented. This resulted in a huge start up of biotech companies. -
Trangenic animals
Ohio University scientists made the first trangenic animals -
Eli Lilly CO
Placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria -
Agrobcterium-meditaed gene
Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-meditated gene transfer -
Kary Mullis
invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the lab -
RFLP in DNA
Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases. -
Fluorenscence sequencer
speeds up the labor intense process -
Gene gun
Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun. -
Safety guidelines
NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in green houses and animals raised in barns -
RNA interference
Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans -
Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne
used monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology -
Maynard Olson
and colleagues at WA University invented "yeast artificial chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins -
Ian Wilmut
cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of an ewe at the Roslin Institue in Scotland. -
DNA microarray "DNA chip"
looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide of silicon chip, was developed -
Dabiri and Garner
invented an automated DNA sequencer that had the capability of sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the Human Genome Project -
Ron Breaker
coined the term risoswitch from part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression -
Human Genome Project
Announcement was made of the compretion of the Human Genome Project by francis collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes
