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Aug 30, 1500
Land Bridge
The first inhabitants of North America travelled from eastern Asia (Russia) to North America (modern day Alaska) which is known as the Land Bridge theory. At first, they had to stay along the water because the land East of there was frozen. -
Period: Aug 30, 1500 to
Population
Timetoast #1 -
Sep 2, 1500
Native/European Influence
The Natives and Europeans had reciprocal influences on each other (positive and negative). The Europeans learned how to survive winter (clothing and where to travel) and how to eat (corn, pumpkins and maple syrup). The Natives learned what weapons and iron tools were, foods like salt and bread. They suffered from alcohol which their bodies couldn't digest properly and they got madly addicted to and also diseases because of their immune systems. -
Sep 2, 1500
Relations with Europeans
The aboriginal population decreased because of the diseases (natives had lived in North America for thousands of years isolated and when the europeans came, the natives immune systems didn't understand the diseases that they had) and the wars. Métissage was the crossbreeding between the europeans and the natives. British+Iroquois and French+Algonquiens were allied. They both had to teach each other many things (europeans learned how to survive, natives learned weapons). -
Sep 25, 1500
Native Living
Iroquois:Sedentary,agriculture,long houses,palisades,moved every 10 years due to the soil exhaustion,lived in the rich soil of the st-lawrence valley,1500-2000 people
Algonquin:Nomads,fish,gather and hunt,small groups (bands) in the winter and bigger groups in the summer,lived in wigwams, near rivers and streams, 500 people per camp, lived in the forests of the canadian shield and the appalachian mountains
Inuits:Nomads, small groups, summer=tents winter=igloos, ungava bay and hudson bay area -
Aug 30, 1534
Jacques Cartier's first voyage
Cartier explored and mapped the Gulf of St -Lawrence. He found lots of fish, timber and furs. (the furs came mostly from beavers because they were easy to catch). Jacques and his men then had to sent back their products to Asia but lots of it wouldn't last the voyage. -
Aug 30, 1535
Jacques Cartier's second voyage
Jacques Cartier sailed up the St-Lawrence river and reached Stadacona (Quebec today). The natives that were nice taught the Europeans how to survive winter and scurvy (disease which is caused by lack of vitamin C). They returned to Europe with native captives including their chief. -
Sep 1, 1541
Jacques Cartier's third voyage
Jacques Cartier tried to set up a colony but it was unsuccessful. The missionaries tried to convert the Natives. France lost interest in this land for the next 60 years. -
Port Royal
First failed attempt at establishing a settlement called Port Royal in Nova Scotia. It failed because it was too far for the natives to travel there. Samuel de Champlain was part of this. (Port royal later established) -
Samuel de Champlian
Samuel de Champlain returned to Stadacona (Quebec today) to establish a trading point which was called New France. This was the first permanent settlement in Quebec City. -
Seigneurial System
The King gave land to rich french men (seigneurs) which they would have to give to peasants (censitaires). The land was filled with trees and they would have to clear it out before they began growing crops. France wanted to expand territory to compete with the thirteen colonies. They both had a responsibility to each other. For example, the censitaires had to give a portion of their crops to the seigneurs and use their windmill. The seigneurs had to have a pasture and a windmill. -
One Hundred Associates
The king of france had the company of one hundred associates populate the colony but they got way under the projected amount and they created an inequality of men and women (way more men) -
Foundation of Towns and Villages
Quebec: 1608
Trois rivières: 1634
Montreal: 1642 Towns and villages were founded along the st-Lawrence river. Their way of living was very rural (country living) and only small towns were urban centres. -
First permanent settlements
1608:Quebec,Samuel de Champlain,to facilitate fur trade with the amerindians, along the st-lawrence valley,very narrow,controls river traffic
1634:Trois-Rivières,Sieur de Laviolette,allows furriers to communicate easier and prevents iroquois from intercepting their trades,at the meeting point of st-maurice and the st-lawrence rivers
1642:Ville-marie,Paul Chomedy,Sieur de Maisonneuve, made to evangalize natives but turned into major trading post because of its geographical location(iroquois land) -
Jean Talon
The King wanted to encourage settlement in France because he didn't want the thirteen colonies overtaking his land. He put Jean Talon in change. Everyone was welcome except the Huguenots French Protestants. He put measures in place. -
Jean Talon
Jean Talon's measures:
1.Soldiers were offered free land if they agreed to stay in New France after their service was done 2.Minor criminals trying to escape going to prison in France could come to New France instead 3.Filles du roy Girls, from the streets of France were sent to New France to be married 4.Payments were given to couples who married young and families who had lots of children 5.Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines. Bachelors over 21 paid fines. His measures were very successful. -
British Immigration
Canada was taken over from the French by the British (99% french, 1% english) Their immigration begins and the first to come was the wealthy, educated business men looking to take over and get rich. From 1791, measures to encourage immigration were put into place (using propaganda, granting land to shipping and railroad companies, etc.) In 1812, laws discouraging American immigration to upper Canada were put into place. Finally, in 1840, a permanent immigration agency was installed in London. -
Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada and 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec. They increased the English population of Quebec (1-10%). Their settlement in townships was encouraged instead of in seigeuries (squares not rectangles). -
Rural Exodus
Due to the agricultural crisis and overpopulation of Quebec, a lot of Quebec's inhabitants immigrated to the United States (New England) or the forest regions of Quebec (Outaouais,Témiscamingue and Western Canada/Ontario).During this time, Industrialization was starting up so it was easy to find work (although factory life was awful). Emigration to the United States was high from 1840 due to the opportunities it held and the employers liked the Quebec immigrants. -
Irish Immigration
Lots of Irish immigrants fled to Quebec due to the Irish Potato Famine. Their travelling conditions were difficult and disease spread on the boat very easily including the Cholera epidemic (quarantine station at Grosse-Ile, had to stay there certain time until they were healthy). The French liked the Irish not the British because they were catholic. -
Indian Reserves
The provincial gouvernement decided to exploit the territory where the natives lived (for natural ressources like mines and water) without consulting them. The Amerindians were not happy and under the Indian act (1876), the europeans agreed to give them land exclusively for them. They are the only ones that can hunt and fish on that land, they don't allow anyone else to live there and don't make them pay taxes to this day. -
Colonization of New Regions
Overpopulation and exploitation of forests leads to the opening up of new ares such as Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Maurice and Outaouais. These ares were encouraged by the church because cities had much more possibility of getting in trouble. These regions were not successful unless some natural ressources were present. (the picture shows most of these regions areas). -
Colonization of New Regions
They colonized these new regions to try and get emigrants to return to the province of Quebec by inviting them to cultivate new land in outplaying regions. These regions are Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie and the Laurentians. (It would also counter emigration towards the United States)
This also created new communities within Quebec. -
Immigration Diversification
French Canadians were the still the majority of the population because of their high birth rate but, english-speaking minority is growing because of all the immigrants. Lots of the people arriving were not Catholics. (The Irish immigrants that were catholic easily integrated into the French Canadian community).
The immigration policies were discriminatory against Asians and Asians for different reasons. It wasn't until the 1960s that immigration was no longer discriminatory. -
Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis happened when a golf course wanted to expand into the land of the native people. The natives were very angry and didn't want this to happen so they set up road blocks so that no one could pass through their land. The Canadian army was called in to stand up against the Mohawk warriors and their "army". It lasted 78 days and never got physical but the issues remained and the golf course wasn't built.
