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Scientific Management Perspective
This was founded by Frederick Taylor. It is said that work and organizations can be scientifically designed and developed. This perspective would be categorized under the functional perspective. Now organizations use this by assigning certain tasks for specific jobs. -
Hawthorne Effect
This theory was developed by Elton Mayo. An experiement was done on workers where they changed the lighting and temperature of the room to see if it changed to productivity of the workers. Later, they found out it did not, the amount of attention that employers paid to their workers determined their productivity. From this we have learned that employors must give their employees attention to keep their work on track. This theory falls under the meaning perspective. -
Principles of Bureacracy
Principles of Bureacracy was developed by Max Weber. These principles were explaining that when a problem occurs, always go to the rule book. Today this is still in use because most organizations have a handbook that explains policies and procedures. In organizations people should look up their issue in the handbook, and if they still cannot find their answer, talk to someone of higher authority. These principles allign with the functional perspective. -
Principles of Management
Principles of Management was developed by Henri Fayol. This principles were described to reinforce hierarchy in organizations and specific duties for employees. This is used today by employees knowing who to go to when something goes wrong, and by employees being aware of what their job tasks are. These principles are described under the functional perspective. -
Sociotechnical Integration
This idea was developed by Eric Trist and his student, Kenneth Bamforth. This was the want to balance human social-psychological needs with organizational goals. They also discuss that making people work in groups would contribute a large amount to the organization. This could be why many organizations have their employees work in groups. The meaning approach describes this idea well. -
Decision-Making Approach
This approach was discovered by Herbert Simon. Simon explains organizational behavior is a complex combination of decisions, with decision-making processes influencing the behavior of the entire organization. From Simon we know that organizations can be understood based upon the decisions they make. Chick-fli-a decided they will not be open on Sundays so that their employees can go to church. This shows us that they are a Christian organization. This approach falls under the emerging perspective -
Theory X- Theory Y
This theory was founded by Douglas McGregor. McGregor thought that Theory X managers assume employees will avoid work and Theory Y managers believe employees are self-motivated. This theory falls under the meaning perspective. We have learned from this theory that not all managers are strictly type X or type Y, they can have aspects of both characteristics. -
Participative Management
This was developed by Rensis Likert. This theory compared productive and less productive work groups. It focuses on effectively functioning groups with the structure of the organization. We use this today when certain people in an organization work together to get certain tasks completed. This would fall under the meaning perspective -
Contingency Theory
Joan Woodward developed this theory. She explains that there is not a "one best way" to do things in an organization. The theory explains that people have to adapt to different circumstances that occur; not all issues can be handled in the same way. If a customer complains about something, management can not handle it the same way everytime because each problem requires different care. This falls under the emerging approach. -
Systems Theory
This theory was developed by Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn. They described it as undergoing an important transformation brought about by thinking the basic nature of systems and system relationships to the environment. It is the process of inputs and throughputs making outputs. We use this today when people complain to an organization about a product, they fix the issue, then give the customer what they want. This process would fall under emerging perspectives. -
Organizational Culture Formation
Edgar Schein defined organizational culture as "a pattern of basic assumptions--invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal intergration.." We have organizational culture at our work place. Whatever attitudes, values, or behaviors that are shared with people at an organization is organizational culture. This would be categorized as a meaning approach.
