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5000 BCE
Records Of Early Management Introduction.
Management is something that presents itself very strongly throughout history. As far back as 5000 B.C.E, there was management in the forms of government and operations. For example, the famous Pyramids in Egypt took strict management to create.
From there management only continued to evolve such as the 1700's Industrial Revolution; slowly forming what is used to date by development of different Management approaches.
Throughout history, Classical, Behavioral and Modern Management developed. -
Period: 5000 BCE to
Early Management Development
The Rise of the roman empire, fourteenth-century Venice.
Adam Smith and his production strategies that inspired commercial management development as well as Henry Ford and his relations to the economy. Frederick Winslow Taylor, who was a mechanical engineer also contributed a lot to management theory in 1909 with the idea of simplicity to workers to up productivity. -
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Henri Fayol (Administrative Principles)
Henri Fayol published "Administration Industrielle et Générale" Which was his views on the important principles of proper management. This was that he wished these principles he used in his engineering career should be taught to young aspiring managers.
With this was also the five duties of management.
✧Foresight=Planning ahead.
✧Organization=keeping track of resources
✧Command=To lead towards the plan
✧Coordination=information is properly distributed
✧Control=Keeping workers in line -
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Classical Management
Classical Management includes:
✧Scientific
✧Administrative
✧And Bureaucratic Management.
Classical highlights traditional methods of management which assumes that people work in a rational manner that is goal set through economics. Business goals and personal goals were for economic gain, not personal growth or gain. This is the most raw and basic forms of management throughout history before it was evolved to take in consideration individuals. -
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Frederick W. Taylor (Scientific Management)
Taylor was an engineer from the 19th century, which is what brought upon the study and thought that "The principal object of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity of the employee."
He wished only to improve the efficiency and economy through the workplace and alas used time study to see the recommended amount of time for a task. Henceforth, the motion study, which reduced the amount of motion and increased productivity. -
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Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (Bureaucratic Organization)
Max Weber was a German intellectual who majorly impacted management. He believed that organizations often failed due to authority of occupations not being ability related but rather based on social statuses. As he states: "The purely bureaucratic type of administrative organization... is, from a purely technical point of view, capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency."
This provided stability in the workplace and was a mark for the most developed form of classical management. -
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Mary Parker Follett (Organizations as Communities)
Although Follett worked hard in her field of sociology, it was after her death where her management ideas were brought to use. She is "one of the most important women America has yet produced in the fields of civics and sociology."
Follett simply had an emphasis on working together as a group in the workplace which is a landmark aspect to healthy management to this day. -
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George Elton Mayo (Hawthorne Studies)
In 1924, that was when the Western Electric Company studied individual productivity and Mayo was leading these studies.
Though today, many may look back at this man's findings and declare that they were poorly researched, but Mayo's finding and effect of individuals was extremely significant as the landmark for behavioral management; that of which continued after Mayo's passing past what was previously classical management. -
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Chester Barnard (Organizations as Systems)
Chester Barnard is a big landmark in modern management as his theory, as old as the 1930's is still considered a significant and modernized development of management. Barnard viewed the workplace and organizations as systems and systems work efficiently only in reaction to the chain of subsystems. This was all explained in Barnard's book "Functions of The Executive", where also when cooperating it is important to have a common goal. -
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William Edwards Deming (Quality Management)
W. Edwards Deming is an important part of the development of management when it started in 1951. Edwards Deming was invited to Japan to explain quality control techniques. This created the Deming Application Prize in Japan for quality management. Deming taught principals of quality and following an objective, in which have became prioritized in major companies around the world. Deming always believed “there is always a better way” with the guiding principals “plan, control, improve” -
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Douglas McGregor (Theory X Theory Y)
Douglas McGregor was influenced by Hawthorne and Maslow in his studies in management. He published a book "The Human Side of Enterprise" which directed managers to give attention to social and self-actualizing needs of employees. It was discovered that theory Y opposed to the more commanding and controlling X, created a more satisfactory workplace, with high performance and self-fulfillment not only of the manager but also employees. -
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Abraham Malow (Theory Of Human Needs)
Abraham Maslow was a psychologist that studied the needs of humans. He discovered the pyramid of needs and understood how that would apply to management. Needs work in an ordered manner for as soon as the lowest need is filled the next in line dominates until the fifth need is the most dominant need. This contributes to behavior and productivity: as if someone is starving, they most likely will not worry about self-fulfillment. His theory is sensible, but can get confusing with modern day theory -
Period: to
Peter Drucker (Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning)
Peter Drucker was a firm believer in the aspects of development and change with his belief “knowledge constantly makes itself obsolete” which means people and organizations cannot to rest on their laurels as success is built on positive change forward by learning. Learning organizations follow this criteria Drucker believed:
✧Mental Models- set aside old ways
✧Personal Mastery- self aware and open
✧Systems Thinking- Learn workings
✧Shared Vision- agreement
✧Team Learning- works together -
Scientific Management
Scientific Management was a significant management development that worked towards careful selection of workers as well as proper training and supervision which would make employees work effectively.
✧Every Job has its own "science" and way of doing things
✧Workers are selected through ability
✧Train the workers the science
✧Support of workers by planning
Another aspect of this is Motion Study; which eliminates wasted movements that are not needed for the proper task performance in work. -
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John Gardner (Twenty-First Century Leadership)
John Gardner was a secretary of health education and has many views and opinions on modern day leadership as his book “On Leadership” in 1990. This individual had a phycological degree and studied management in which he believed that leaders are unable to do each and every task required for effective functionality of an organization, including all of above mental tasks. Meaning, a leader must share some of their responsibilities with their team in order to work effectively. -
World War One
Within this time period the development of classical management was very strong. War is a significant event where different kinds of managers are needed, and Scientific management would've been well taken off and with certain occupations needed in workplaces and on the battlefield; it only makes sense for the methods of Classical Management to be utilized. This includes administrative principals, which were a set of principals all managers should see fit to follow. -
Administrative Principles
Administrative Principles were published in a book by Henri Fayol which highlighted 14 principals of management which many are still relevant today.
✧Division of Labour
✧Authority
✧Discipline
✧Unity of Command
✧Unity of Direction
✧Subordination of Individual Interest
✧Remuneration
✧Centralization
✧Scalar Chain
✧Order
✧Equity
✧Personal Tenure
✧Initiative
✧Esprit de corps- Work to build Harmoney
With these 14 principals, it was believed that management can be taught to anyone. -
The Gilbreths
The Gilbreths used films in order to analyzes work activity and break the tasks in order to take less movement. It was believed that companies that follow time-Saving advice of task completion should use it for the benefit of the company rather than profit. A massive development in time and motion study that benefits the employees rather than the economy. -
Bureaucratic Organization
The last development in the umbrella of classical management: Bureaucracy. This is about rationale and efficiency, with proper authority.
Authority in this development was now based on capabilities and not a social standing. It was order of:
✧Clear Division Of labour
✧Clear hierarchy
✧Formalities in procedures
✧Impersonality
✧Careers on ability
This was a huge development in Management as it is the strongest form of organization, equity and utilizing recourses in classical management history. -
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Behavioral Management
Behavioral Management Approaches focused on human nature in the workplace, including:
✧Follett's Organizations as Communities
✧The Hawthorne Studies
✧Maslow's Theory of Human Needs
✧McGregor's Theory X and Y
✧Argyris's Theory of Adult Personality
These behavioral approaches depict that people are social, grow from each other and try to fulfill their own personal goals rather than company and economic goals alone. -
The Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne studies were conducted to look at psychological factors of individuals in the workplace. These studies included:
✧Relay Assembly Test-Room studies, which discovered that aspects of group atmosphere and participative supervision aided in an accepting environment.
✧Employee attitudes, Interpersonal Relations and Group Process, which were evaluated during the great Depression. People act at work according to their output.
Basically, focusing on an individual and good relations is big. -
Follett's Organizations as Communities
Follett views organizations as "communities' in a working environment which later become another significant development in Behavioral Management. This belief placed the idea of control in a move inclusive light as workers should all work together and value each other's ideas to help with workplace unity. This was the true believer of collective responsibility. -
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Modern Management Foundations
The most developed umbrella of management which have built from classical and behavioral management. Modern Management includes:
✧Quantitate analysis tools
✧Organizations as Systems
✧Contingency Thinking
✧Quality Management
✧Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning
✧Evidence Based Management
✧Twenty-first Century Management -
World War Two
World War Two was another significant event of the world where it would make sense to utilize newly developed management, especially since World War one. During this time of fear and war, working in a community setting ass Follett would organize would work well in the workplace as well as strategies that our soldiers may use during battle. Using the Hawthorne studies Aswell would help with economic efficiency which would allow for better income despite the costs of war. -
Organizations as Systems
System perspectives are a more modern use of management but were developed before by Chester Barnard in around the 1940s in a book. This looks at organizations and workplaces as a system and a collection of subsystems. This was all the use of cooperation in a system- which a collection of related parts work together for a purpose. The subsystems would be the components or workers in the system, depending on occupation. In order for the system or (open system) to work all parts must work well. -
Maslow's Theory Of Human Needs
This development of Management focuses on needs of the employee as well as the manager themselves as an updated responsibility. A need is a physical or physiological component to ones being that is compelled to be satisfied. This theory breaks needs up into levels which highlight productivity based on need levels.
✧Self-actualization need- highest need needs for self fulfillment
✧Esteem Need- needs respect/acceptance
✧Social need- Need for connection
✧Safety need- need for security
✧Basic need -
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
The theories of X and Y are approaches managers would use to guide them on how to efficiently lead a team.
People with the assumption of Theory X would assume that people dislike work, have no ambition, prefer leadership and are irresponsible. Theory Y is the positive assumption of willingness, responsibility and self-direction. Each assumption can give a self-fulfilling prophecy when the workplace follows the expectations. Preparations for your team based on impression is important. -
Quantitate Analysis and Tools
Whilst human resource approaches were being developed, quantitate analysis was being experimented on in management. This approach brings management science and operations research which use quantitative analysis and applied mathematics to solve problems.
Problem solving was what this approach brings to the table and considering various issues that can happen in the workplace or different areas where it can mathematically improve. Example, operations management which studies production of goods -
Quality Management
Quality management is a modern management that focused on statistics, quality and needs. Furthermore, the organization's priorities include the quality of work, quality of employees and quality of product in order to satisfy needs of the customers and the supply chain. With quality comes the idea of improvement which there is always room for improvement in the workplace and in products. An organization must have formal quality standards to ensure operation meets said requirements for quality. -
Argyris's Theory of Adult Personality
This theory targets the personalities and needs of adults in relation to responsibility and work capabilities. It was discovered that classical approaches do not directly work with the mind of an adult as it creates a sense of dependency, lack of initiative in employees, and lack of self-satisfactory. This theory is the prime development of the belief of treating employees and those lower than the manager as a valuable level where there is a positive, adult -appropriate approach. -
Contingency Thinking
There are situations that appear with the use of modern management, in which require Contingency Thinking; which is matching manager responses and practices with the demands of the situation. This highlights that with a vitality of possible situations within a workplace, there is no “Proper” way to respond to a situation, only what is seen fit. This is where Weber’s strand of needs is tested as it is only one way of dealing with needs. -
Evidence-Based Management
A book released by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman in 1982 inspired this development of management which is further researched for high-performance organizations, which continuously achieves excellence while creating a quality environment. Another book by Jeffery Pfeffer and Robert Sutton highlights the Evidence-based management which are management decisions based on facts. This requires data and statistics of many different aspects of running a business. -
Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning
Development of management has always been encouraged to be built of of learning and knowledge in many different forms. Thos modern form of management suggests that management IS the aspect of learning and intellect. Knowledge management is utilizing information and technology to develop and share knowledge which will upgrade performance and can be used for competitive advantage. This creates a learning organization, which which is an ever-growing organization that uses lessons and knowledge. -
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Twenty-First Century Leadership
Modern day management has a lot of aspects and the new age of leadership is ever changing to meet the new demands and social trends. Example they must all include:
✧Global Strategist
✧Mater of Technology
✧Inspiring Leader
✧Models Ethical Behaviour.
Having these traits, morals and people skills are significant for this recent development, as managers really have to earn their honourable role. Such as being knowledgeable and open minded, furthermore aware of management development. -
Covid 19
Covid 19 was a very historical event in which almost everyone has experienced the affects of the pandemic. Where there are mandates and health protocol, there is management. Management of this health crisis has been witnessed globally, not only in the aspects of covid itself but also dealing with the conflicts and protests. This affects everyone world wide, so Global strategy and a lot of knowledge is vital for these roles as well as leading with equity and catering to the needs of a public.