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Invention of the microscope
Robert Hook & Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- observed the first microoganisms. -
Simple laws of inheritance of traits
Gregor Mendel- worked with pea plants, allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain triaits. -
Lous Pasteur
Scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, proposed germ theory, claiming microorganisms were responsible for infections diseases -
Nucleic Acid
Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages, later led to believe DNA might be inheritable material -
Studying fruit flies
Thomas Hunt Morgan; discovered genese were on chromosome -
Fred Griffith
using mice, showed that genetic material could moved from on strain of bacteria to another. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develope drugs -
Chargaff and DNA
he showed that in DNA the adenine and thymine equaled and the number of units if cytosine equaled those of guanine -
Beadle and Tatum
Proposed " one gene produces one enzyme" and established that indeed DNA was hereditary material. -
"Blender Experiment"
Hershey and Chase proved virues replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA was hereditary. -
X-ray Crystallography
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established, and that DNA was indeed a double Helix -
Watson and Crick
Discvored the structure of DNA -
Discover of Plasmid DNA
Hayes discoverd it, a circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria. -
Walter Gilbert
Discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA -
Arber,Nathans,and Smith
discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA -
Khorana and Nirenberg
Discovered the 64 condons that code for the 20 amino acids making proteins. -
DNA plasmids
Isolated and purified by Vinograd -
Madel and Higa
responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia Coli -
Cloning
experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen -
Genentech
The worlds first genetic engineering company was founded -
140 scientists
met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer -
Sanger and Gilbert
found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine -
Boyer
inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E coli -
Botstein
found that one could be identified by the pattern made of ones DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -
Louise Joy Brown was born
the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization in which sperm and egg are joined in a pertri dish. fertilized egg is later inplanted in a womb -
US supreme court
ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented, this resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies -
Ohio University
scientists made the first transgenic animals -
Eli Lilly Company
placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria -
Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Farley, and Horsch
transformed plants with Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer -
Kary Mullis
invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory -
Jeffries applied RFLP
in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases -
Automated Flourescence sequencer
speeding up the labor intense process. -
Gene gun
genes were moved into an organism -
NIH revised saftey guidelines
for recombinant DNA to include plants gronw in greenhouses and animals raised in barns -
Andrew Fire and Craig Mello
discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans -
Monoclonal antibody technology
used by Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne -
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
Maynard Olson and Colleagues at Washington University, which are expression vectors for large proteins -
Ian Wilmut
cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of ewe at Foslin Institute in Scottland -
DNA microarray technology
looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip was developed -
Ron Breaker
coined the rrem riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression -
Completion of Human Genome Project
by Francis Collins and Craig Venter, project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genmoes -
Dabiri and Garner
invented an automated DNa sequencer that had a capability f sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers
