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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
He was the was the first anatomist made vast achievements in the understanding of the heart, the nervous system, and the mechanics of breathing. Citation:
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Galen of Pergamum.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 2016. Web. 11 Dec. 2016.
Link: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Aristotle
It is also called the chain of being conception of the nature of the universe. This was particularly through the ancient Greek Neoplatonists and derivative philosophies during the European Renaissance. It had different denotes three general feature: the universe: plenitude, continuity, and gradation. -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck had a hypothesis about evolution his hypothesis was If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. This was published years before Darwin did his. He mentions how the organisms they change depending of what they need. An Example is that he giraffes stretched their necks to reach food. Later on, the off spring had larger necks Citation : "Evolution." Evolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
Link: -
The Voyage of the HMS Beaglee in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” published.
It was a voyage that Darwin was in. the ship was the second survey expedition of HMS Beagle, and the captain was Robert FitzRoy . In this trip Darwin hoped to see the tropics before becoming a parson, and accepted the opportunity. He was influenced by other scientists. It made trips to coast of South America, where Darwin was free to explore the continent and islands, including the Galápagos.
Link: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
Ensatina described as a ring species
Ensatina eschscholtzii is a lung less salamanders found in coniferous forests, oak woodland and chaparral. This salamanders are found in Santa Cruz, Monterey, and the California coastal mountains. They are 3 inches to 5 inches long.
Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/05/2/l_052_05.html -
Gregor Mendel was the man that discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance
. His laws are stated as follows
1. The law of segregation: parental genes are divided. The offsprings of then inherits one allele gene from each parent when fertilization occurs.
2. The law of independent assortment: Different trait genes are separated from one another.
3. The law of Dominance: The organism will will express the dominant trait.
Mendel used over 10,000 pea plants for this experiment According to the WEbsite DNA in BIO
Link: http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Alfred Russel Wallace conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection. His finding were mostly on the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago. Because of him Darwin continued with his ideas in On the Origin of Species. Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace Citation: "Alfred Russel Wallace." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
It was a book Written by Charles Darwin . In his publication, he Introduced the evolution through a process what is call natural selection. His main thesis was that different animal species were not independently created and that similar species can result from natural variation. Link: http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published:
The germs is the growth and reproduction within their host can cause diseases. They are bacterium and are not the only type of microorganisms that can cause diseases. It was discovered by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1946 and more scientific support was by Galen's theory and there was more convenes evidence on 1980 Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease
Citation: "Germ Theory of Disease." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. -
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The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world
The Challenger Expedition was the first expedition organized specifically to gather data on a wide range of ocean features, including ocean temperatures seawater chemistry, currents, marine life, and the geology of the seafloor.
Citation:
“The Challenger Expedition.” Drive And Discover – Deeper Discovery. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2005. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
Link:
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/history-ocean/challenger.html -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, the most common specie of protozoan that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. the Malaria was most expose due to the palsmodium falciparum
Citation:
“Plasmodium falciparum.” Wikimedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Nov. 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan establishes the chromosomal theory of heredity. He Started to study the possibility of combining gender and eye colors in fruit flies had a physical and mechanistic basis in the chromosomes. Citation:
“1910 - Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) Establishes The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity.” GNN - Genome New Network. The J. Craig Venter Institute, 2004. Web. 10 Dec. 2016.
Link: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Frederick Griffith did an experiment where he mixed heat-killed S with live R and injected the combination into mice: the mouse died. he foundout that the he dead mouse’s tissues were found to contain live bacteria with smooth coats like S. Heconcluded that something in the heat-killed S bacteria “transformed.” Works cited: web; www.mun.ca/biology.org Link : https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Genetics and the origin of Species:
Theodosius Dobzhansky published his book in 1937 about how mutations can be harmful, while others have no effect. This just creates a different population. However this population was breeding within its own species and therefore mutations were not spreading to the rest of the population of that species, if they did have hybrid offspring there was a chance it would not be able to reproduce
Link: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_20 -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.”
This was a book, was from an American scientist wrote which was the first substantial synthesis of the subjects and established evolutionary genetics as an independent discipline.
Works Cited: Wikipedia
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
The hypothesis was proposed by George Wells Beadle. The theory that each gene directly produces a single enzyme, which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway., Beadle demonstrated that one gene in a fruit fly controlled a single, specific chemical reaction in the fruit fly, which one enzyme controlled.
Citation: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
Ernst Mayr helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, proposing the "Biological Species Concept." He solved one great-unsolved problem in Darwin's work, On the Origin of Species. Citation:
“Ernst Mayr and the Evolutionary Synthesis.” Evolution. WGBH and Vulcan Productions, 2001. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/2/l_062_01.html -
The Innocence proect is founded
The project was started by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld at the N. Cardozo school of law at Yeshiva Universityit was founded to help prisoners who could be proven innocent through DNA testing. It did help alot of the people who were in jail for no reason. The innocence project’s use of DNA technology . Link: http://www.myphilanthropedia.org/top-nonprofits/national/criminal-justice/2011/the-innocence-project -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Jacques Cousteau co-invented of the scuba diving suit, at first they called it the Aqua-lung . it provided with supply divers and compressed air when they breathed. It was very demanded. Link: http://www2.padi.com/blog/2014/01/27/jacques-cousteau-the-father-of-scuba-diving/ Citation:@padi. "Jacques Cousteau - The Father of Scuba Diving - Diving." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016. -
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code:
DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation. During this time it was believed that protein was what carried genetic information. This experiment consisted of using Streptococcus strain type II. Link: http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
Rosalind Franklin works on how an X-ray diffraction pattern is created and also how the DNA X-ray diffraction pattern can be interpreted to give the dimensions. This was a huge step in science. Thanks to her now we are able to know more about DNA. Link : https://www.dnalc.org/view/15014-Franklin-s-X-ray-diffraction-explanation-of-x-ray-pattern-.html -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published:
AD Hershey and M Chas “Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage” It was written on the Journal of General Physiology 36: 39-56. They conducted an experiment where it showed that DNA is the genetic material. The experiment was conducted by using what is their famous blender experiment which showed that DNA is the genetic material. Link: http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/bis/2A/bis2a-F10/HersheyChase.pdf -
Miller-Urey experiments published
Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey at the University of Chicago he conducted and experiment that demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere. The experiment conducted was with water, methane , ammonia, and hydrogen . These are what they mostly are found in the atmosphere. Link : http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structue and they revealed a possible mechanism for DNA replication. Then Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, the exact relationship between DNA structure and replication. Years later the publication of Meselson and Stahl's results.
Citation: Pray, L “Semi-conservative DNA replication: Meselson and Stahl.” Nature Education. Nature Education, 2014. Web.
Link: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Semi-Conservative-DNA-Replication-Meselson-and-St -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Discovered by Marshall Nirenberg and it is a sequence of three bases of DNA that codes for one of the twenty amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins that wasthe first "triplet" Was. It was found that protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm, where RNA is found. RNA provided the key to the code. Link:
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenbergphp -
Watson and Crick propose the DNA structure:
Francis and Crick were fellow graduate students at Cambridge University. They both suggested that the molecule was made of two protein strands. They found that during cell division they seperate into two strands, the double Helix model. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Margulis's first article on endosymbiosis was written. Margulis's theory is often referred to as the set: serial endosymbiotic theory.
This theory was very iimporatnt to undertand the cells.
Citation:
Joel Hagen et al. “Lynn Margulis and the Question of How Cells Evolved.” Michigan State University. MSU, 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
Link:
https://msu.edu/course/lbs/145/luckie/margulis.html -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
At 9:32 a.m. EDT, the engines fire and Apollo 11 clears the tower.AT 4:18 p.m EDT, This event was televise in the United States with over 1 billion viewers.At 10:56 p.m. EDT Armstrong is ready to plant the first human foot on another world. This became one of the most important moments in history since it was the fist time that man was able to walk in moon. Citation: Dunbar, Brian. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.
Link: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
Summary:
“Lucy,” is a skeleton that was classified as a 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis it is consider one of humankind’s earliest ancestors.
Link: http://www.history.com/news/famed-lucy-fossils-discovered-in-ethiopia-40-years-ago
Citation: Andrews, Evan. "Famed "Lucy" Fossils Discovered in Ethiopia, 40 Years Ago." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Frederick Sanger who invented the method of DNA sequencing by enzymes, now known as the Sanger method, he was able to determine the order of bases in a strand of DNA. This method helps scientists can read the sequence of nucleotide in a DNA molecule.
Citation:
“Frederick Sanger develops rapid DNA sequencing technique.” Genome Unlocking Life’s Code. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2016. Web. 10 Dec. 2016.
Link: https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/11 -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Scientists first discovered hydrothermal vents in 1977 while exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. Hydrothermal vents form at locations where seawater meets magma.
Citation:
“What is a hydrothermal vent?” NOAA - National Ocean Service. National Ocean Service, 22 Jun. 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
Link:
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
McClintock's discovery of transposable elements in Zea that changed the way scientists think about genetic patterns of inheritance. She looked at the behavior of kernel color alleles and its proposition does not always follow a consistent pattern.
Pray, L & Zhaurova, K. “Barbara McClintock And The Discovery Of Jumping Genes (Transposons).“ Nature Education. Nature Education, 2014. Web. 12 Dec, 2016
http://wwwnature.com/scitable/topicpage/Barbara-McClintock-and-the-Discovery-of-Jumping-3408 -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
He was the developer of the polymerase chain reaction. The PCR is based on using the ability of DNA polymerase to synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand.
Citation:
Mullis. B.K. “Polymerase Chain Reaction.” Dr Kary Banks Mullis. Kary Mullis, 2009. Web. 12 Dec, 2016.
Link: http://www.karymullis.com/pcr.shtml -
Louis pasteur Refutes Spontaneous generation
Louis pasteur created an experiment to see if microbial life would spontaneously grow on broth after being boiled. He set up two flask with an S shaped neck and then boiled both of the flasks to kill any microbes.
Link: http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generati Brewing, Pasteur. "Louis Pasteur Experiment: Refute Spontaneous Generation." Pasteur Brewing. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
, a jury had convicted Tommie Lee Andrews of rape on the basis of the DNA ''fingerprint'' of his blood. The DNA samples, and an expert in genetics analysis had testified that the DNA ''fingerprint'' of Tommy Lee Andrews' blood matched that of the rapist's semen. -
“Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura”
Drosophila pseudoobscura is a species of fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of the genetics of natural populations. They are mostly found in Mexico and also parts of north america. They reproduce rapidly . Link: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_pseudoobscura -
CRISPr/CAS9 is identified and described
Francisco Mojca was the first researcher to characterize what is now called CRISPr locus. He recognized that what had been reported as disparate repeat sequences. Link: https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
On July 5th, 1996, Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, was born by cloning. Dolly was the world's first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell. Dolly's birth and subsequent survival proved that adult cells can reprogram themselves into a new being.
Citation:
Vos. Shantille. “Dolly and the Clone Wars.” Novaonline. NVCC, 27 Dec. 2011. Web. 11 Dec.2016.
Link: http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS135/events/dolly96/Dolly_Module.html -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
The fossill was discovered in the Djurab Desert of Chad by a French paleontologist Michael Brunet. It was is one of the oldest known species in the human family tree. It is believed that this species lived sometime between 7 and 6 million years ago in West-Central Africa. I has human and ape like features. Link: http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
The Human genome is fully sequenced
Int April 14 2003 the human genome is as complete as it can be. they were able to sequence method remain and mounting for about 1 percent of the gene-containing portion of the genome, or euchromatin. "Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions." National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016. Link: https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
Richard L Bible is executed
was executed by the state of Arizona on June 30, 2011 for molesting and fatally bludgeoning a 9-year-old Jennifer Wilson in 1988. Hne asked the supreme court to delay his execution and do a DNA testing for the evidence of his trial. -
Spliceosomes were discovered and describe
is the processes in biological cells have to be controlled both in time and in space. To regulate one of the essential processes accompanying gene expression. Link: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130524104200.htm
