-
1899 BCE
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
1895 BCE
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
José Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party and looks for the old leaders of the revolution, unifies the different currents, builds a small army, and disembarks in Cuba. Martí dies in one of the combat actions (1895), but the revolutionary army continues to fight. In 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain. The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899. -
1884 BCE
HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on the French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802. He faced Spanish, English, and French, until his capture, exile, and death in France. In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. -
1830 BCE
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized by the Congress of the Gran Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. In September of that year, he arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Junín (6-08-1824). Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho (9-12-1824) , which put an end to Spanish rule in South America. -
1824 BCE
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
When Fernando VII returned to the throne in 1814, patriotic military campaigns subsisted in Venezuela and the Río de la Plata. In the first, Simón Bolívar -Member of the Caraqueña boards of 1811- was named new military leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator", united forever to his first name. It was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war. -
1822 BCE
SAN MARTIN AND BOLIVAR
In their meetings in Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru. Surprisingly, San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war completely. A year later, discouraged by the death of his wife and the internal fights between Unitarians and Federals, he emigrated to Europe, where he died in 1850. -
1822 BCE
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil (1807) and later promoted a legal reform (1815) by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the "Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve". Thus, Rio de Janeiro becomes the seat of an absolute monarchy as well as those of Europe, and no longer a colony. In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. -
1821 BCE
CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala with its provinces declared its independence from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821). One year later, Guatemala and its provinces formed an independent state, of federal character, with the name of United Provinces of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. However, local oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war (1838- 1840). Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore, became independent along with Colombia. -
1821 BCE
INDEPENDENCE OF PERÚ
San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820) with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820), and forced the realistic army to retreat towards the mountain range. San Martin declared
independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority. -
1816 BCE
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY
The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-05-1810) organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811)and the resulting government-held independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created. The Banda Oriental, the rural population rose against the Spanish authorities in Montevideo. After the War with Brazil, it would be established as an independent entity in 1828. -
1811 BCE
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA
In 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua.Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada. The royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the final victory of Venezuela's independence (June 25, 1821). -
1809 BCE
CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
- Economic. The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive taxation.
- Social. was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards.
- Ideological. The forerunners of independence became aware of the differences between the colonies and the metropolis, highlighted the value of their own and raised the alternative of the fatherland as a separate entity from Spain.
-
MORE CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
- Influence of US independence and the French Revolution. Napoleon names king of Spain To the causes, we must add the events that precipitated the independence. One of them is that on May 5, 1808 Napoleon imprisoned Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII and forced them to abdicate in his favor. Then, he named his brother, José Bonaparte, king of Spain. In many Spanish cities were organized Autonomous Boards that promised to govern until the return of Fernando VII to the throne.
-
MORE CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
And Only the western part of Andalusia was free. The Junta de Sevilla was proclaimed Supreme Government of all Spain (a fiction, because the rest was under King Bonaparte, called by the Spaniards "Pepe Botellas"). -
Period: to
THE INDEPENDENCE REVOLUTIONS
Analyzes the European and Latin American Enlightenment as
a history of the independence processes, highlighting its causes, limitations, the
role of Afro descendants, and the characteristics and limitations of Latin American
national states -
THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
The illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king, who no longer had any power. Quito was to be the first in the history of Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own, not appointed by the Crown. In Mexico, the priest Hidalgo would give in the town of Dolores (Guanajuato,16/08), the scream of independence: "Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe! Down with the bad government! Long live Fernando VII! " -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
The priest Miguel Hidalgo was placed in front of the Indians and peasants and launched, as we saw, the "cry of independence" in the town of Dolores. Throughout three years, it obtained triumphs with its army and occupied several cities of Mexico, but was defeated in Guadalajara and executed by the realistic authorities in 1811. A group of conservative creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans, only now he first had to liberate Chile. For that he spent years making weapons, bullets and all kinds of equipment, and organizing the Army of the Andes. The crossing was epic, but, as they had planned, the six columns met less than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada, it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
The independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the
arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia. Bolivar defeated the royalist pastures in the battle of Bomboná, and entered triumphant Quito (16-06-1822) and, later, he waited for the president of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy to end the war against the royalists. -
THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of independent national states. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards in 1809. Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. The process continued until it became a true continental war.
