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Muhammad was trouble by the lack of morallity in Mecca, his hometown. He went to a cave in the where he would meditate. There he heard the voice of the angel of Gabriel calling him to be a messenger of God.
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In 622, Muhammad headed to Medina, another oasis town. They promised freedom to practice their own religion in Medina. The mofr from Mecca to Medina is called the Hijra which is know for the flight. It marks for one year on the calendar, Hijri.
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Abu-bakr was the father-in-law of the prophet Muhammad who later became his successor and first caliph of the Muslim community.
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When Muhammad did not leave a successor there was a difference in belief of who should be caliph. Some Muslims belived that the caliph had to be a descendant of Muhammad while others believed it could be any good Muslim.
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In 661, Mu'awiya moved his capiltal to Damascus and began to reform the new empire's administration. Also, he modeled his government's organization of the eastern Roma empire, or Byzatine Empire, which had recently ruled the region.
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The Umayyad Dynasty started after the death of Ali in 661. The Umayyad Dynasty were full of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim Empire until 750.
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The Umayyad family was killed by an angry protestment that happend when he had power. He survived, but fled to spain. The Abassid Empire rose and made many changes.
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Abbasids moved capital to Baghdad in 762. Expansion of the Abbasids brought conflict with the Chineese.
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Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad was a small market town along the Tigris river. This allowed Persians to hold important offices in the caliphs office.
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In 1054, Christianity divided into two branches over beliefs and authority. One beliefed in religion and the other believed in politics.
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In 1055 the Abbasids fell due to the Turkmen taking control of Baghdad. Also, the leader, Tugrul Bey, forced Abbasids Calliphs to be renamed sultan.
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A Seljk Turk ruled Baghdad, which was Tugrul Bey, and they pushed Asia Minor they threatend the Byzantine Empire.
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The first crusade ended in 1204. They traded with the east and west. They also traded learning from muslim scholars to the east and west.
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Genghis Khan led the Mongols out of Central Asia across southwest Asia. In 1258,Hulagu, the grandson of Genghis led and looted Baghdad, killikng the lst Abbasid caliph.
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The House of Wisdom was a library and a University in Baghdad. The House of Wisdom brought people knowledge and advances in technology.
