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Fredrick W. Taylor and Scientific Management
Fredrick Taylor is the founder of scientific management, and one of the first people to study the behavior of people and their output in the work setting. One of his main studies was finding the most eficient method of performing a specific task. (Jones, 2014) -
Andrew Carnegie- Steel Production
Carnegie excelled in business integration. He became a leader in the production of pig iron to engaging in steel, which was stronger and higher in quality. Carnegie made associates account for all costs in every process, something he realized that most companies did not know was the cost assocaited with what they were producing and how they could cut costs but maintain the products integrity. (Saito, 2013) -
Max Weber
Max Weber developed the principles of bureaucracy during Germany's industrial revolution. He wanted to help organizations increase their efficiency and effectiveness. He developed the bureaucratic system based off of 5 principles. Weber felt that a bureaucray should have a specified sytem of task and role relationships, a selection and evaluation system that rewards employees fairly and equitably, a clearly specified hierarchy of authority, and a system of written rules (Jones, 2014). -
Fordism
Henry Ford's production managers developed the moving conveyor belt. This move helped the Ford Motor Company with mass production. To motivate his workers and to help with the monotony of the moving conveyor belt he shortened the work day from 9 to 8 hours a day (Jones, 2014). -
The Gilbreths
The Gilbreths were followers of Fredrick Taylor. They had 3 major aims. (1) analyze every individual action necessary to perform a particular task and break it into each of its componenets. (2) Find better ways to perform each component action. (3) Reorganize each of the component actions so that the action as a whole could be performed more efficiently at less cost in time and effort (Jones, 2014). -
Henri Fayol's Principles
Fayol identified 14 principles that he believed were essential to increase efficiency of the management process. A few are division of labor meaning that employees to be efficient should be specialized in a certain division. Another principle was unity of command meaning that an employee receives orders from and reports to only one supervisor. Another principle he developed was the line of authority meaning that there needed to be a chain of command from the top to the bottom (Jones, 2014). -
The Hawthorne Studies
The hawthorne study originally started as a study on the effects of differnt types of lighting in the workplace and ended up showing that people will change their behavior when they know they are being watched. The study showed that there was an increase in productivity when workers knew that they were being singled out. (Brannigan, 2001) -
Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker Follett wrote about how management should behave towards employees. She argued that without giving employees opportunity to contribute it gives them no inniciative in their work lives. This went along well with her idea that "authority should go ith knowledge. . . . whether it is up the line or down." (Jones, 2014) -
"The HP way"
When Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett first set up their business in a garage they established a new people orientated approach to management known as the "HP Way" that is people oriented, stresses the importance of treating every person with consideration and respect, and that offers recognition of achivements. (Jones, 2014). -
Total Quality Management
Total Quality Management (TQM) is an orgnaizations effort to constantly improve and supply high quality products and services to their customers. They maintain this by constantly getting feedback and then adapting their organization. Companies use sophisticated software packages to analyze this data and then improve their work processes. (Jones, 2014) -
Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs
Maslow wanted to understand what motivated people. He created a 5 stage model that can be divivded into 2 categories, basic needs and growth needs. Basic needs are those such as psychological, safety, social, and esteem. Growth needs is the category of self actualization. When one need is fullfilled people continue on to meet the next one. (Thielke, 2012) -
Theory X and Y Douglas McGregor
Theory x is a set of negative assumptions about workers that leads tot he idea that manager's task is to supervise workers and control their behaviors. Theory Y is a set of positive assumption about workers that makes managers believe that their task is to encourage commitment to goals f the organization and allow workers to exercise initative and self-direction. (Jones, 2014) -
Lean Manufacturing
Ever since Henry Ford invented the assembly line, industrial innovators have constantly focused on improvement through a variety of different manufacturing strategies. Lean manufacturing is a manufacturing strategy that seeks to produce a high level of throughput with a minimum of inventory.In addition to eliminating waste, lean manufacturing seeks to provide high quality by building in a method whereby each part is examined immediately after it is manufactured. (Worley, 2006) -
The Open- Systems View
This idea was developed by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson. They viewed organizations as an open system that takes resources from its external environment and coverts them into goods and services that are then redeliverd to that environment. Where they are then purchased by customers. There is 3 stages in this idea the input stage, the conversions stage, and the output stage. (Jones, 2014) -
Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory is the idea that organizational structures and control systems that managers choose are dependant upon what external environment the organization operates in. The crucial message of this theory is that there is no one best way to organize. (Jones, 2014). -
Michael Porter- Five Forces
According to Michael Porter, industry attractiveness or profitability and the competitive advantage of a firm in the industry depended on five competitive forces: 1. The rivalry within the industry 2. The threat of new entrants. 3. The threat of substitutes. 4. The bargaining power of buyers. 5. The bargaining power of suppliers. (Competitive Advntage, 1996). -
Six Sigma
The Six Sigma strategy is a useful tool for fostering learning and escalating a company's competitive advantage. Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.It was developed by Motorola in 1986. Today, it is used in many industrial sectors. (Sony, 2012) -
First Smartphone Assembled
The IBM Simon was the first smartphone built. It contained a calendar, address book, world clock, calculater, notepad, e-mail client, being able to send and receive faxes, and games. Presently we have even more sophisticaed technology but smarphones are essential in the buisness world so that you can get work done on the go. (World's, 2014) -
Family Medical Leave Act
The family medical leave act requires that employers provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for medical and faily reasons, including paternity and illness of a fmaily member. Many acts were introduced in the 1990's that made businesses offer these benefits showing that caring for employees is necessary. (Jones, 2014). -
Business Process Management
An approach to making an organizations workflow more effective more efficient and more capable to adapting within an ever changing environment. Business process management is as old as the discipline of industrial engineering. The process management approach involves documenting the process to obtain an understanding of how work flows through the process. (Gulledge, 2002)
