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Scientific Method Theory
Developed by Frederick Taylor to differentiate management so it wasn't the "same". He defined four key principles that would help with rewarding and punishing employees, creating guidlines within workplace, training and developing workers, and unifying the workforce through management and efficiency. (A time of Management and Leadership, 2011, April 2) -
Homestead Strike
Andrew Carnegie, famous for his outstanding success in the steel business, had left his Pennsylvania plant for a short period of time in 1892, when a legendary strike happend. It began when workers wages was lowered and many employees felt it was unfair and unreasonable since they put so much into their work. Managers declined any reasoning with the workers, which turned into a violent strike. So violent, that the authorites got involved. Carnegie refered to it as the Homestead Strike. -
Gantt Chart
This chart was revised and re-created by Henry Gantt, an American engineer. It's a project management chart still used today that shows the activities to be performed on the left hand side, and the times allotted at the top. By using this chart, it makes it easy to see various activities planned, how long you have to do them, beginning and end of projects, and what is going to be overlapping. Today, it can be accessed through excel or microsoft. Excellent tool for time-management. -
Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
Henri Fayol developed 14 ways to increase the efficiency of the management process. Although they were developed at the beginning of the 20th century, they still remain important structures and signature stategies in our management proccess today. The 14 principles increased effectiveness in management and relationships between manager and employee. -
Managing by Committee
Alfred P. Sloan, president of GM at the time, delegates and creates an organization in which managers ("leaders") meet to discuss profits and budgeting. It made the organization more accountable and more open to opinions durring discussion between leaders. Today known as a "committee meeting." -
Mary Parker Follett
Follett was a women who stood out in her time. She was very politically involved with the community, which was uncommon for women in the early 1900's. She went beyond the norms of diversity and reached out to make a difference. She stressed that leaders needed to "power-with" not "power-over" employees. It's known as Participatory Management. -
The Hawthorne Effect
A study of worker productivity produced by psychological stimulus of being singled out or made to feel important. Elton Mayo, professor at Harvord, and several of his associates were the first to conduct this study. It lasted five years so that accurate conclusions could be drawn out. Now, it's known as time-series analyses. -
Bureaucratic Management Theory
By embellishing the Scientific Management Theory with his Bureacratic Theory, Max Weber created a way to help organizations develop comprehensive and detailed operating procedures for all tasks. To do this, there needed to be hierarchical levels in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in the work place. -
Management by Wandering Around
David Packard and Bill Hewlett encourage a style known as Management by Wandering Around. By walking around and socializing with employees, it creates a sence of peace and familarity in the work place. Of course, good conversation topics are also encouaged. This also gives employees a chance to talk to managers one-on-one in a place they might feel more comfortable. -
Peter Ducker
Famous writer and scholar, Perter Ducker, was a social ecologist who spent much of his time researching and observing the way humans behave and interact. His fist book,"The End of Economic Man," was published in 1939. It raised the question about where our economic, business, marketing, and money world was going. Much of what he wrote about has been said to be "predictions." He wrote 39 more books, plus scholarly articles, before he died just before his 96th birthday. -
Organization Development
Process by which behavioral science knowledge is used to help organizations achieve greater effectiveness, such as improved quality of work life and productivity. It forcuses on workforce planning, conflict resolution, quality improvement, and organization performance management using a series of systems, people, tools, and processes. It grew to be popular throughout the 1950-1960's and continues to play a huge role in management today. -
HR is a business fuction?
Robert Wood Johnson II recognizes that Human Resources is a valuable part of a business and is needed to help create more benefits and employee training. Johnson is said to be one of the 20th centuries most innovative leaders of Johnson and Johnson family health and medical care products company. He believed in public service and that all people deserve to be taken care of properly. -
Time-Span of Descretion Methology
This approach measures the complexity of work in a role. It tests to see what an individuals capability is to resolve increasingly complex problems. It can be used for all levels of staff, from CEO to floor staff. Typically, it is still used to select Army Generals, top managers in large organizations, and private businesses. Dr. Elliott Jaques came up with this method, deaming him worthy of being called one of the most "creative social scientists of our time." -
Abraham Maslow
Maslow was known for many great psychological finds and theories, but one of this most popular is his Hierarchy of Needs Theory. He established this theory in 1954, explaining that a person cannot reach self-actualization until they learn and understand lower needs. He pictured it as a pyramid, going up. Each step needed to be taken to move onto the next step. This theory is used in and out of work places to help accomplish goals and fully aware a person of what they need. -
Theory X and Theory Y
Developed by social psychologist, Douglas McGregor. Theory X is known as the lower-order needs and Theory Y as the higher-order needs, based off of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Theory X has a rather negative approach to managing and "controling" emplyees. Employees are more micro-managed. Theory Y creates positve attitudes and potential in the work place. Managers care more about emplyee relations and opinions. -
Contingency Theory
Developed by Tom Burns and several of his fellow colaborators. The idea came from observing how managers make decisions based upon internal and external environment characteristics. Some of these contingents may be technology, consumer demand, competitors, government, suppliers and distributors and several other elements. -
Phil Knight
Knight had a passion for running, so when he was introduced to a Japanese shoe called Tiger, he couldn't resist. They were outstanding, so he created the Blue Ribbon Sports line and ordered the Tiger shoes to sell. He started out selling them from the back of his vehicle and later expanded. In the 1970's, Blue Ribbon Sports turned into Nike. Knight is now known for changing sports marketing all around the world with the Nike symbol. He's also known as one of the worlds top 10 famous managers. -
Management and Motivational Theory
Developed by Frederick Herzberg, a well known psychologist. He used a "pioneering approach" while surveying employees in a business. It consists of open interviewing, face-to-face, rather than written questionaires. The questions were made to be focused on ''critical incidents" and assumptions. This gave immediate and more personal responses. It was not only convenient, but motivating. Herzberg has written several books on his theory explaining techniques on how to perform surveys correctly. -
Action-Cenred Leadership Model
This model was founded by John Adair. It's a creative model that consists of 3 overlapping circles, giving it's nickname "3 circles" model. These circles have three main elements that Adair focuses on-- achieving tasks, building the team/group, and developing individuals. It's popular to use in groups, teams or leaders/managers. -
Leadership
James MacGregor Burns is an award winning author that is famous for writing about authority and leadership. In his book "Leadership," published in 1970, he speaks of qualities that make certain leaders. His examples were pointed towards American leaders, but his concepts can be related to leadership as a whole. He scrutinizes charisma, vision and persuasive power a leader shoud have and how they can create a purpose in followers minds. -
Agency Theory
This theory intorduces resolutions to problems existing between executives/managers and stakeholders (principles and agents.) The two main focuses are on when goals and future stances are conflicting between the two parties, and when attitudes are opposite when it comes to taking risk. Michael Jensen and William Meckling introduced this theory. Without a resolution, the two parties may need to seperate. -
Porter's Five Forces
Michael Porter created and demonstrated ways to strategize around a competitive industry. It helps organize where the company may succeed and where it may fall. The five forces include supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, and threat of new entry. It targets everything that can potentially destroy a business, showing what directions should be taken next. It's most common to use the five forces in a model demonstration. -
Progress in Email!
After 14 years of progress, military, students, managers, and employees are finally able to talk through email. It became a new innovated way of communicating within the professional world and encouraged new technology within work places and education. -
Google was Born
Google first began as BackRub, a small search engine project Larry Page and Sergey Brin had been working on in 1996. When that failed, they upgraded and registered Google.com online. The two creators thought of the now famous name as a form of "googol," a mathematical term for an infinite amount. This fit the site perfect since it contains an infinite amount of information on the web. Today, Google is the worlds number 1 search engine. -
Creating LinkedIn
LinkedIn started out in co-founder Reid Hoffman's living room in 2002. It became an official site on May 5, 2003 and was fairly successful with more then 4,500 members by the end of the first month. As member numbers increased throughout the years, it became one of the worlds largest leading professional networking sites. Member ages vary from early 20's to mid 50's. This site plays a major role in how managers and HR personel can connect with other companies and see potential employees.
