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History of Management
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Scientific Management Theory
The scientific management theory was adopted in this year. This theory was defined as the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 39. Print. -
Administrative Management Theory
This theory was adopted in this year and was defined as the study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. This was a European Method. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 45. Print. -
Frederick Taylor- Four Principles
Frederick Taylor develops four priciples to increase worker productivity. They are: Study the way workers perform their tasks, codify new methods of performing tasks, carefully select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task, establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task. Piercy, N. (2012). Business history and operations management. Business History, 54(2), 154-178. -
Fayol's 14 Principles
Henri Fayol Develops his famous 14 principles. They are: devision of labor, authority and resposibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization, unity of direction, equity, order, initiative, discipline remuneration of personnel, stability of tenure of personnel, subordination of individual interests to the common interest, and esprit de corps. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 47. Print. -
Ford's Assembly Line
Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motors, develops a conveyor belt type assembly line to effectively produce cars with low cost and time. This allows him to effectively utilize the production capacity of all of his workers. Piercy, N. (2012). Business history and operations management. Business History, 54(2), 154-178. -
Taylor's System of Scientific Management Accepted
Frederick Taylor's systme of scientific management is now nationally known and practiced in the U.S. Companies used this system fully and faithfully. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 40. Print. -
Behaviorial Management Theory
Because the U.S. was unaware of the Administrative Management theory, they adopted the behavioral management theory which was defined as the study of how managers should personally behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high lebels and be committed to achieving organizational goals. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 51. Print. -
Henri Fayol's New Book
Henri Fayol's new book Administration Industrielle et Generale argues for chains of command,k the separation of functions, and importance of planning. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
GM- Market Segmentation
General Motors CEO Alfred Sloan manages his company into subdivisions to market their vehicles to different segments of the market. This was a very new idea and has shaped what GM is today. McGregor, J., & Burrows, P. (2009). 'THERE IS NO MORE NORMAL' (cover story). Businessweek, (4124), 30-34. -
Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne studies took place at Western Electric’s Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Illinois. The analysis was done at Harvard University. The studies were done in order to learn how to effectively manage people to their fullest potential. They wanted to learn how to improve the production levels of employees even if they were extremely tired. They learned that productivity went up when managers were present. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Brand Management
Proctor and Gamble markets soap to different demographics and sets up brand management. With brand management, a manager is representing one brand inside of Proctor and Gamble and is responsible for the success of that brand. McGregor, J., & Burrows, P. (2009). 'THERE IS NO MORE NORMAL' (cover story). Businessweek, (4124), 30-34. -
Management Science Theory
The management science theory was brought into the world around 1940 and can be defined as a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitive techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services. This was basically an expansion to the scientific theory. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 55. Print. -
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy
Maslow explores what motivates people and builds his model of hierarchy. The model is a pyramid with these values (from the base up) : survival, saftey and security, social needs, esteem, and self actualization. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Elements of Administration
Lyndall Urwick writes a book entitled Elements of Administration. This book is on the priciples of an organization and draws from the ideas of Fayol and Taylor. The book analizes the challenges facing a manager. Miller, T. R., & Vaughan, B. J. (2001). Messages from the management past: classic writers and contemporary problems. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 66(1), 4-20. -
Peter Drucker
Peter Drucker writes Concept of the Corporation, the first of three crucial books that laid out his vision of turning the corporation into a social institution where everyone is respected. Looked to replace 'worker' and 'forman' with words like 'employee' and 'manager' Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Organizational Environment Theory
The last major theory to be adopted in the past 100 years. It can be defined as the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 56 Print. -
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X and Y were developed in the 60's as a guide to why workers are 'lazy'. Theory X states that the average worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. Theory Y assumes that workers are not inherently lazy, do not naturally dislike work, and, if given the opportunity, will do what is good for the organization. Jones, Gareth R., and Jennifer M. George. "Chapter 2." Contemporary Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. 53-54. Print. -
Earned Value Management
EVM was introduced by the U.S. federal government as an integral part of the Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria to understand the financial aspects of programs and to be used in large acquisition programs in an attempt to establish a consistent methodology based on best practices. Kwak, Y., & Anbari, F. (2012). History, practices, and future of earned value management in government: Perspectives from NASA. Project Management Journal, 43(1), 77-90. -
Concept of Corporate Strategy
Kenneth Andrews identifies in his book, Concept of Corporate Strategy, that the overall strategy of a company should be done primarily by executives. This lead to lower managers having to do less structure building and followed the strategy that the executives created. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Company Wide Reviews
Companies begin to review peers and managers on their performance to allow them to fully understand what is going well in their company. This allows for them to make any changes in staffing or management. McGregor, J., & Burrows, P. (2009). 'THERE IS NO MORE NORMAL' (cover story). Businessweek, (4124), 30-34. -
The Managers Job
Henry Mintzberg writes a book entitled 'The Managers Job: Folklore and Fact' and expresses what managers actually do during their work. More importantly that they use intuition and relationships in their work to successfully manage. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Competitive Strategy
Micheal Porter writes a book strictly on the competitive strategy that companies should hold. This book helps managers to create effective stategies for performance and production amongst employees. Kiechel III, W. (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, 90(11), 62-75. -
Total Quality Management
TQM is developed during this decade but does not gain the full popularity that it has today for about ten years. It was just a theory at this point. Miller, T. R., & Vaughan, B. J. (2001). Messages from the management past: classic writers and contemporary problems. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 66(1), 4-20. -
Outsourcing
Business and Management take a huge step. Outsourcing begins to pick up popularity. Companies begin to outsource jobs to cut costs, and now managers are shipped overseas to successfully manage a team of outsourced workers. McGregor, J., & Burrows, P. (2009). 'THERE IS NO MORE NORMAL' (cover story). Businessweek, (4124), 30-34. -
TQM Acceptance
Total Quality Management gained more popularity during the '90s because there were studies based on the scientific theory that supported TQM's philosophy. Miller, T. R., & Vaughan, B. J. (2001). Messages from the management past: classic writers and contemporary problems. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 66(1), 4-20.
