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The publication of the Origin of Species By Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, his explanation of evolution by natural selection. Darwin provides a plethora of evidence on how valuable traits become more common in a population, but does not provide any explanation for the mechanism of transmission of these traits -
Gregor Mendel`s discover of Modern Genetics
Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel publishes his work on the patterns of inheritance in pea plants. His meticulous studies mark the birth of modern genetics. Mendel’s findings escape the notice of other researchers for over three decades -
Gregor Mendel`s discover of Modern Genetics
Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel publishes his work on the patterns of inheritance in pea plants. His meticulous studies mark the birth of modern genetics. Mendel’s findings escape the notice of other researchers for over three decades. -
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are discovered by German biologist Walter Fleming, and named with the Greek prefix meaning “colour” because they become stained when cells are dyed -
Hereditary Information in Chromosomes
Mendel’s research is rediscovered by botanists in 1900. US and German cell biologists then independently notice the link between Mendel’s “units of inheritance” and chromosomes. They conclude that hereditary information is contained within chromosomes -
"Genetics"
The term “genetics” is created by British biologist William Bateson. The terms “gene” and “genotype” are surface in 1909. -
Chromosomes in Sex
Sex chromosomes are discovered following work on butterflies and beetles. -
The trait of Eye Colour in Chromosomes
US scientist Thomas Hunt Morgan is the first to discover a sex-linked trait while studying the fruit fly Drosophila. The trait for eye colour, on the X chromosome, is also the first gene to be traced to a specific chromosome. -
Mutation of Genetics in X-rays
Studies show that X-rays can induce mutations in the genetic material -
DNA hereditary in Bacteria
A trio of US geneticists revisit work from the 1920s and prove that, in bacteria, DNA is the hereditary material and not protein as was previously suspected. -
DNA Shape and form
Clear X-ray diffraction images of DNA are captured for the first time by British researcher Rosalind Franklin -
The structure of DNA
Building on Franklin’s work, biochemist James Watson and biophysicist Francis Crick at Cambridge University, UK, determine the now famous double-helix structure of DNA. They are awarded a Nobel prize in 1962 for their efforts. -
Nucleotides and their 20 Amino Acids
Crick and South African geneticist Sydney Brenner report that trios of DNA bases – called nucleotides – each hold the instructions for one of the 20 amino acids that combine to form proteins -
Genetic Engineering
US researcher Herb Boyer uses enzymes to cut DNA and splice it into bacterial plasmids, which then replicate producing many copies of the inserted gene. This heralds the dawn of genetic engineering -
The production of a genetically modified bacteria
Genetically modified bacteria produce the hormone insulin -
inherited disorder in a chromosome
The gene for an inherited disorder (Huntington’s disease) is mapped to a chromosome for the first time -
DNA Molecules copies
Kary Mullis in the US develops the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which allows researchers to produce many millions of copies of DNA molecules in just a few hours -
Human Genetic Code
The international Human Genome Project begins, with the goal of sequencing the entire human genetic code. -
Gene Therapy in a human being
Gene therapy is used successfully for the first time, to treat a four-year-old girl with the rare hereditary immune disorder adenosine deaminase deficiency -
The first GM tomato product in U.S
FlavrSavr tomatoes, genetically modified to have a long shelf-life is the first GM product to go on sale in the US. GM tomato puree goes in sale in the UK in 1996 -
Bakers yeast
Baker’s yeast is the first (non-viral) genome to be completed, followed by the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998 and then the plant Arabidopsis and fruit fly Drosophila in 2000 -
The draft of tje human Genome
Completion of the draft human genome is jointly announced by US firm Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project (an international public consortium). The full sequence – comprising 30,000 to 40,000 genes – is completed in 2003 -
Rat Genome Working Draft Completed
Researchers found a sequence over 90% of the rats genome with an over 5-fold redundancy -
Genetically modified fish for sale in the U.S
A tropical fish that fluoresces bright red becomes the first genetically modified pet to go on sale in the US -
Identical twins have different genetics
DNA Worldwide and their laboratory partners Eurofins Forensic were the first in the world to prove that twins have differences in their genetic make-up. it was believed that monozygotic twins are 100% genetically identical, and that DNA testing could not be used in criminal or paternity cases involving identical twins, as it was impossible to tell them apart. -
Blood stem Cell
Blood stem cells grown in a lab for the first time
