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Charles Darwin
published the first edition of The Origin of the Species which, amongst other things, gives extensive information on the knowledge of breeding at that time. -
Gregor Mendel
publicised his discoveries on the breeding of peas, which became the foundation of modern genetics. -
Friedrich Miescher
discovers nuclein -- a major component of which is DNA -- in the cell nucleus. -
Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri
propose that inheritance is due to chromosomes -
T. H. Morgan
demonstrated that the chromosomes are the concrete entities which carry the genes. -
A.H. Sturtevant
constructed a genetic map. -
H. J. Muller
demonstrated that genetic mutation could be induced by X-rays. -
Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton
demonstrate direct physical recombination (the linking of DNA from different chromosomes) by examining maize chromosomes microscopically. -
George Beadle and E. L. Tatum
pinned a gene defect down to a single step in a biochemical pathway that would normally be carried out by an enzyme. They restored normal growth to a mutant micro-organism by adding the missing enzyme. -
James Watson and Francis Crick
proposed the double helix structure of DNA -
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
demonstrated the semi-conservative replication of DNA. This is when the DNA forms a copy of itself, one stand remains the same, and the other contains newly synthesised DNA. -
Marshall Nirenberg & Har Gobind Khorana
finished unravelling the genetic code. -
Stewart Linn & Werner Arber
discovered restriction enzymes in E. coli. -
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
invented the technique of DNA cloning, which allowed genes to be transplanted between different biological species -
Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer
create the first genetically modified DNA organism -
The Conference
Conference held in the USA at which scientists met behind closed doors to reach a consensus on self regulation and how the newly discovered recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) should proceed. -
National Insistutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health in the United States produce guidelines for genetic modification research. -
Frederick Sanger
developed chain termination DNA sequencing allowing scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. -
Mouse
First transgenic (genetically modified) mouse. -
Giant Rat
Giant mouse produced by transferring growth hormone genes from a rat. -
Kary Mullis
a biochemist invented the ‘polymerase chain reaction’ which is a technique enabling scientists to reproduce bits of DNA faster than ever before. -
Biochemist
a biochemist invented the ‘polymerase chain reaction’ which is a technique enabling scientists to reproduce bits of DNA faster than ever before. -
Pig
First transgenic domestic animal, a pig. -
mice
A series of transgenic mice produced carrying human genes. -
Transgenic plant
First transgenic plant producing a pharmaceutical. -
Beltsville pig
Publication (Science 254: 1281-1288) of data about the 'Beltsville pig'; a transgenic pig (named after the agricultural research station in Maryland USA), which suffered a range of pathological conditions because it had a gene for human growth hormone. -
Chymosin
GM used to make chymosin, an enzyme used in making hard cheese. -
Designer drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug while at the same time, -
Gene Therapy
the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease -
DNA Cloning
- Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
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Head phone
Phones will be programed in your head where your able to talk and text without looking down at screen created by Dr.Hons -
Curing cancer
Created by Dr.Jone a new shot called G.A aka Get Away has bee deveoped to make cancer dissapear from the affected cell and clears it out from the whole body -
clonning
evented by Dr.mick we are now able to clone humans with the correct DNA molecues
