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30
Creation of christianity
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100
Patristics
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205
Plotinus
Was the founder of Neoplatonism. In his main work, the "Enneads", he developed the idea of spiritual ascent towards the One or supreme Good. He divided reality into three levels: One, Mind and Soul. His philosophy influenced Christianity, Islamic thought and later spiritual currents. Plotinus lived in Rome and Alexandria, rejected materiality and advocated contemplation and spirituality. His contribution is key in the history of ancient philosophy. -
354
Saint Augustine of Hippo
was an influential philosopher, theologian, and bishop of the Catholic Church in late antiquity. Converted to Christianity, he wrote notable works such as "Confessions" and "The City of God." He developed the doctrine of divine grace and addressed theological and philosophical questions. His focus on reconciling faith and reason influenced medieval theology and Western philosophy. As bishop of Hippo, he participated in debates and left a lasting legacy in Christian tradition. -
480
Anicio Manlius Severinus Boethius
(c. 480-524 AD) was a prominent Roman philosopher, statesman, and writer, known for his contributions to philosophy and the translation of Greek philosophical works into Latin. "Consolation of Philosophy" (Consolatio Philosophiae): This work is the best known by Boethius. Composed during his imprisonment, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and the personification of Philosophy. -
1001
Scholasticism
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1033
Anselm of Canterbury
Was a medieval philosopher and theologian known for his contributions to Christian philosophy and theology. He proposed a logical argument to prove the existence of God. He developed the theory of the atonement and the need for the incarnation of Christ. He advocated integrating reason and faith into theological understanding, Recognized for exceptional contributions to Christian doctrine. He influenced the integration of reason and faith in philosophy and theology. -
1126
Averroes
Was a prominent Andalusian philosopher, jurist and doctor. Born in Córdoba, he stood out as a jurist and judge, but is especially known for his comments on Aristotle. He sought harmony between Aristotelian philosophy and Islamic theology. Controversies over his interpretations led to his banishment in 1195. Averroes left a lasting legacy in medieval philosophy and in the dialogue between reason and religion. He died in Marrakesh in 1198. -
1225
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Was a prominent medieval Italian theologian and philosopher. He entered the Order of Preachers, studied in Paris and developed works such as the "Summa Theologica". He integrated the philosophy of Aristotle with Christian theology, standing out for his synthesis between faith and reason. His contributions cover topics such as natural law, grace, and reason. He died in 1274 and was canonized in 1323, leaving a lasting legacy in Catholic philosophy and theology. -
1266
Duns Scotus
Was a medieval Scottish theologian and philosopher. He was born in Scotland and joined the Franciscan Order. He stood out at the University of Oxford and Paris. He is known for his complex thinking and for developing the philosophical doctrine of "scotism." He died at an early age in Cologne, Germany, leaving an influential legacy in medieval theology and scholasticism. -
1287
William of Ockam
Was a medieval English philosopher and theologian. He excelled at Oxford University and joined the Franciscan Order. He is known for being a prominent nominalist, denying the real existence of universals. He became involved in theological and political controversies, fleeing to Bavaria to avoid reprisals. He died around 1347 in Munich. His legacy lies in his contribution to nominalism and his defense of simplicity in faith, influencing Western philosophy and theology. -
1300
Renaissance
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1300
Humanism
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1469
Niccolò Machiavelli
Was an Italian politician, diplomat, and philosopher of the Renaissance. He was born in Florence and served in various government functions. He is known for his work "The Prince", where he analyzes politics and advises leaders on the exercise of power. Machiavelli sought to understand the political reality of his time. Despite his contribution to political theory, he faced controversy and was marginalized. He died in Florence leaving a lasting impact on Western political thought. -
1473
Nicholas Copernicus
Was a Polish astronomer and mathematician. His heliocentric theory, presented in "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," challenging the geocentric view, transformed the understanding of the solar system. His work laid the foundation for the scientific revolution. He died in Frombork, Poland, in 1543. Copernicus is recognized as the father of modern astronomy. -
1543
Scientific revolution
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1546
Tycho Brahe
Was a Danish astronomer known for his precise astronomical observations. Using advanced instruments that he designed himself, he made detailed measurements of celestial positions. His data on the orbit of Mars were fundamental to Kepler's laws. Tycho Brahe died in Prague in 1601, leaving a significant contribution to astronomy and paving the way for later developments in our understanding of the solar system. -
1561
Francis Bacon
Was an English philosopher, scientist and statesman. Known as one of the fathers of the scientific method, he defended empiricism and the importance of observation in scientific research. His most influential work was "Novum Organum" (1620). Bacon also had a prominent political career in England. He died in London in 1626, leaving a significant contribution to scientific and philosophical thought. -
1564
Galileo Galilei
Was an Italian astronomer and physicist. His astronomical observations, such as the moons of Jupiter, and experiments on motion make him stand out in the scientific revolution. He defended the heliocentric theory, confronting the Catholic Church. He wrote important works such as the "Dialogue on the Two Greatest Systems of the World." Arrested and convicted of heresy in 1633, he died in Arcetri, Italy, in 1642. -
1571
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630) was a German astronomer and mathematician. His laws of planetary motion describe the elliptical orbits of the planets around the Sun. He worked with Tycho Brahe and his works, such as "Astronomía Nova" (1609), are fundamental. Kepler died in 1630, leaving a crucial legacy in the understanding of astronomy and planetary motion. -
Thomas Hobbes
Was an English philosopher known for his work "Leviathan" (1651), where he proposed the theory of the social contract. He argued that people give up certain freedoms to obtain order and security under a strong central government. Hobbes lived in a tumultuous period of English history and his focus on state power and human nature left a lasting impact on political philosophy. He died in 1679. -
René Descartes
Was a French philosopher, mathematician and scientist. He was born in La Haye in Touraine, France. He is known for his famous phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), which reflects his focus on methodical doubt and the search for indubitable foundations in philosophy. Descartes made significant contributions to analytic geometry and number theory. He died in Stockholm, Sweden, leaving a lasting impact on modern philosophy and science. -
Rationalism
Base knowledge on reason and understanding.
Some of the most important rationalists were: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz -
Baruch Spinoza
Was a Dutch-Portuguese philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age. He was born in Amsterdam to a Portuguese Jewish family. Spinoza is known for his work "Ethics", where he addresses philosophy, ethics and metaphysics. He was distinguished by his focus on the single substance and his pantheistic vision. Spinoza faced condemnation from religious authorities and lived a modest life as a lens polisher. He died in The Hague, Netherlands, leaving an important legacy in rationalist philosophy. -
John Locke
Was an influential English philosopher of the Enlightenment. His main work, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," addressed the theory of knowledge. He also contributed to political philosophy with "Two Treatises on Civil Government," defending the idea of individual rights and the social contract. Locke died in 1704. His legacy stands out in the modern conception of freedom and rights. -
Isaac Newton
Was an english physicist and mathematician, formulated the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. His work "Principia Mathematica" (1687) unified physics and mathematics. He contributed to optics and developed calculations in calculus and algebra. Newton is recognized as one of the most influential scientists. He died in London in 1727, leaving a lasting legacy in the understanding of the universe. -
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Was a German philosopher, mathematician and scientist. He was born in Leipzig. Leibniz made important contributions in mathematics, logic, and philosophy. He is known for developing calculus independently of Newton. Leibniz also addressed metaphysical issues, proposing the notion of "monad." He worked as a diplomat and advisor in various European courts. Despite disagreements with Newton, his legacy lives on in philosophy and mathematics. He died in Hannover, Germany. -
George Berkeley
Was an Irish philosopher and bishop. His work "Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge" introduced philosophical idealism, arguing that reality depends on perception. He was also an Anglican clergyman. Berkeley died in 1753, leaving a significant impact on philosophy, especially discussions about the nature of reality. -
Illustration
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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
Was a French political philosopher. His notable work, "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748), introduced the theory of separation of powers, advocating the division of political power into executive, legislative, and judicial. This idea influenced the drafting of constitutions and the organization of modern governments. Montesquieu died in Paris in 1755, leaving a lasting impact on political theory. -
François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
Was a prominent writer and philosopher of the French Enlightenment. His works, such as "Candide" and "Philosophical Letters," advocated freedom of thought and religious tolerance. Voltaire influenced the Enlightenment with his criticism of intolerance and social injustice. He spent periods in exile due to his positions. He died in Paris in 1778, leaving a lasting legacy in rational thought and the defense of freedom. -
Empiricism
Bases true knowledge on experience and evidence.
Some of them were: Francis Bacon, Hume and Locke. -
David Hume
Was a Scottish philosopher and economist. He was born in Edinburgh. Hume is known for his empiricism and his work "Treatise of Human Nature." He addressed causality, epistemology, and morality. Hume also made contributions in political economy. Although his initial ideas faced criticism, he became an influential figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. He died in Edinburgh, leaving a lasting impact on philosophy and economics. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Was a Swiss-French philosopher and writer. His key work, "The Social Contract" (1762), introduced the idea of popular sovereignty and the "general will." In addition, he addressed education in "Emilio." Rousseau left an influential legacy in political and educational philosophy. He died in Ermenonville, France, in 1778. -
Immanuel Kant
Was a german philosopher, is known for his "Critique of Pure Reason", "Critique of Practical Reason" and "Critique of Judgment". He highlighted the existence of limits in human knowledge. His "categorical imperative" is central to his ethics. Kant addressed aesthetic themes in his "Critique of Judgment." He died in Königsberg in 1804. His critical approach significantly influenced epistemology, ethics and aesthetics, making him a central figure in modern philosophy. -
Classicism
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Idealism