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430 BCE
Classical Art 480-323 BC
The art of this time period was intended to convey a vitality of life and was clear while often depicting harmony. Sculptures made of marble and bronze were common as well as images painted and carved on items such as bowls as displayed in the image. Terracotta calyx-krater (mixing bowl) -
400 BCE
Aristotle
Books "Prior Analytics" and "Nichomachean Ethics"; derived the system of reasoning/logic as well as ethics by way of "good living: -
400 BCE
Socrates
"The Pursuit of Happiness" Socratic method pioneered Western systems of logic and philosophy. Believed this was true in all areas of life including business and government; when one understands themselves completely the greater their ability to reason and make better choices. -
Expressionism
Der Blaue Reiter by Wassily Kandinsky is an example of the art form movement that flourished in the early 1900s. This form was less direct and instead allowed artists to display their inner feelings to get an emotional response by use of distorted shapes, twisting, vivid colors etc. -
Max Weber
Wrote the book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and was the founder of the bureaucratic management theory. -
Frederick Winslow Taylor
The "Father of Scientific Management" sought to define clear guidelines for increasing production efficiency. Published "The Principles of Scientific Management" and through time and motion studies concluded that certain people work more efficiently than others. -
Elton Mayo
Father of Human Relations
Book: The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization
His main study of focus was worker fatigue. -
Henri Fayol
Administrative Management Theory. Wrote "Administration Industrielle et Generale" where he published his "14 Principles of Management". -
Mary Parker Follett
"Mother of Conflict Resolution" Advocate of human relations emphasis in organizational management. Believed the contrast of Fayol in that organizations would be more efficient if communication within an organization is relaxed and direct at the same hierarchal level. -
Abraham Maslow
Maslow states that humans have five basic types of needs and later paralleled them as factors that motivate employees and their work values. The needs are physical, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. -
Douglas McGregor
Book: The Human Side of Enterprise
One of McGregor’s main takeaways is to help managers understand that staff makes more organizational contributions if they are treated as responsible and valued employees -
Henry Mintzberg
Henry Mintzberg is an organizational theorist that suggests there are three basic dimensions that organizations can be differentiated by then based on these three the strategy the organization adopts results in five structural designs which are simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy (Lunenburg, 2012). -
Flow Charts
Flowcharting has been around for a very long time and while no one person can be attributed with its conception, in the early 1920s Frank Gilbreth explained the flow chart in a presentation and soon after they were used widespread in the engineering world and by the 1970s were a staple also in organizational management. -
Y2K/E-Mails
During this time frame organizations were not only experiencing traditional shifts in though but also had to deal with the indefinite shift of technology. Communication methods were significantly altered during the time period around Y2K. organizations made a shift from physical or “hard copy” memo, notes, data, etc. to more digital media and e-mail. Though mostly positive, E-mail flaming was an issue that had to be addressed -
Attrition
Webster’s dictionary defines attrition as, “a reduction in numbers usually as a result of resignation, retirement, or death” (Merriam-Webster).Due to increased globalization as well as the ease in finding jobs with mobility and flexibility people are not staying in roles long term. -
Karl Weck
Karl Weick was the first to articulate sensemaking as a coherent framework for perception, cognition, action and memory, but he locates his ideas in nearly a century’s worth of scholarship in his book Sensemaking in Organizatioin (McNamara, 2015). -
Technology/Smartphones
By the early 2000s, the phone had modernized, slimmed in shape and drastically increased in functionality. According to Pew Research Center by 2013, approximately 80 percent of teenage America owned a smartphone and in 2015 the mobile ecosystem provided almost 17 million jobs in 2015 (Steinberg, 2016).
