Biology Timeline

By nellyh
  • 384 BCE

    Aristotle describes life with the Scala Naturae

    Aristotle describes life with the Scala Naturae, meaning we as humans are living and minerals at the bottom (non living).
    Kazlev, M.Alan. Palaeos Systematics: The Great Chain of Being: Aristotle's Scala Naturae, palaeos.com/systematics/greatchainofbeing/scala_naturae.html.
  • Period: 384 BCE to

    Biology Timeline

  • 166

    Galen of Pergamon describes the human body

    Galen had excellent contributions in anatomy. He dissected different kind of stuff, such as animals, humans. And looking further into bones, muscles , and heart valves.
    “Galen.” Medical Discoveries, www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Galen.html.

  • The Voyage of the HMS Beagle

    The Voyage of the HMS Beagle, was focused on researching on geology, which include plants, etc.
    “A Trip Around the World.” AMNH, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/.

  • Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics

    Lamarck developed a hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics, he strongly stated that miraculous in life do not happen because of them, it happens by natural processes.
    Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09.

  • The Germ Theory of Disease is published

    The Germ Theory of Disease was published after a study on crystals. Later, the experimentation went deeper into researching about discovering diseases.
    “The History of Germ Theory.” Big Picture, bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory

  • Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes

    Alfred Russel Wallace published his ideas of evolutionary processes after a long period of time. This process included how things evolve.
    Kuhn, Anthony. “He Helped Discover Evolution, And Then Became Extinct.” NPR, NPR, 30 Apr. 2013, www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct.

  • The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published

    The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection consisted of origin of species by natural selection.
    “Origin of Species Is Published.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/11/24.

  • Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation

    Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation, which represents how overall life came upon. He tested many ways and it discovered that by air we are displayed life as well.
    “Louis Pasteur, Spontaneous Generation, and Germ Theory.” ZME Science, ZME Science, 12 May 2016, www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/louis-pasteur-spontaneous-generation-germ-theory/.

  • Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants

    Gregor Mendel published his work on inheritance of traits in pea plants. Shockingly, he input eight years into this law of inheritance.

    “Concept 1Children Resemble Their Parents.” Mendel as the Father of Genetics :: DNA from the Beginning, www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html.

  • The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world

    First, expedition organized to focus on gathering data on a variety of ranges of ocean features are the temperature seawater, currents, marine life and the geology of the sea floor.
    “The Challenger Expedition.” Dive & Discover, divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/the-challenger-expedition/.

  • Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations

    The Hardy Weinberg model is based on equilibrium. Genetic equilibrium is like a states population; there is genotype frequencies but no such evolutions.
    Wilkin, Douglas, and Barbara Akre. “Hardy-Weinberg.” CK-12 Foundation, CK-12 Foundation, 16 June 2017, www.ck12.org/biology/hardy-weinberg/lesson/The-Hardy-Weinberg-Model-Advanced-BIO-ADV/.

  • T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage

    Thomas Hunt M. explored through a male fruit fly eyes (lenses). That male fruit fly had white lenses. Seeing this he knew that something went on with the inherited organisms. Therefore, he conducted dome breeding analysis to find more about why that male fruit fly eyes came out like that.
    “Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452.

  • Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure

    Niels Bohr atom structure model, is basically energy in tiny particles. Bohr started to study more in depth the properties in the atom. The atom model represents how tiny, positively, charged the nucleus surrounded by the orbit electrons. Bohr also discovered how electrons travel in separate orbits.

    Niels Bohr: Biography & Atomic Theory. www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html.

  • Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation

    Frederick Griffith process of transformation, in bacterial genetics. DNA was a source to find out about this discovery.
    “Transforming Principle - Griffith's Experiment About Genetics.” Observation Bias, explorable.com/transforming-principle.

  • Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species

    Theodosius publishing about genetics and the origins, consists of genetics based upon his theory of evolution. by natural selection in genetic terms.
    Ayala, Francisco J., and Walter M. Fitch. “Genetics and the Origin of Species: An Introduction.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 22 July 1997, www.pnas.org/content/94/15/7691.full.

  • Ensatina described as a ring species

    Ensatina described as a ring species, included how evolution created patterns to adapt in the certain environment.
    Stebbins, robert. “Discovering a Ring Species.” Discovering a Ring Species, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/devitt_02.

  • Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis

    Beadle and Tatum published the one gene one enzyme by gene therapy. Many diseases were explored like hemophilia to be defective by gene causes.
    “The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis.” Herman the Bull, www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/One_Gene_One_Enzyme.html.

  • Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA

    Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA for the purpose on getting awareness on how dangerous it can get in the marine life.
    “Jacques Cousteau - The Father of Scuba Diving.” RSS, www2.padi.com/blog/2014/01/27/jacques-cousteau-the-father-of-scuba-diving/.

  • Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code

    Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determined that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code, by knowing the substances within bacteria (genetic code).
    “Revealing DNA as the Molecule of Life.” Stories, The Public Engagement Team at the Wellcome Genome Campus, 13 June 2016, www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life

  • The first atomic bomb is used in war

    United States against Japan the bomb “Little Boy” was used in WWII. It killed 80,000+ people, and by the bomb’s radiation killed even more thousands.
    History.com Staff. “Atomic Bomb History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2017, www.history.com/topics/atomic-bomb-history.

  • Barbara McClintock describes transposons

    Before Barbra McClintock genes were only thought to be in a linear pattern of chromosomes. But then Barbra McClintock challenged that concept of what genes were capable of. She discovered that chromosomes can change their position within a chromosome.
    Ravindran, Sandeep. “Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Dec. 2012, www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198.

  • Miller-Urey experiments published

    Miller-Urey experiments published, how earths atmosphere consists of organic compunds.
    “The Miller Urey Experiment.” The Miller Urey Experiment - Windows to the Universe, www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html.

  • Hershey-Chase experiments are published

    In the Hershey-Chase experiment it was believed that proteins were the ones who carried the genetic information by doing DNA.
    “The Hershey-Chase Blender Experiments.” PaulingBlog, 29 Oct. 2015, paulingblog.wordEarly Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09.press.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/.

  • Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure

    Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure as a twisted ladder.
    “The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html.

  • Nirenberg cracks the genetic code

    How the code was cracked by James Watson and Francis Crick was by first revealing the structure and properties of DNA, which carries each individual's DNA information (genetic). One was the blueprint from a human being in a long string of nucleic acid. DNA and RNA letter were found. When the code came out everyone, even scientists wanted to read about and learn about the hidden information.
    “ .” Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html.

  • Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication

    DNA double-helix was newly discovered. And DNA replication was a concern during that time. Then found three models of how the organism that could replicate DNA, which are: semi-conservative, conservative, and dispersive.
    “Mode of DNA Replication: Meselson-Stahl Experiment.” Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/mode-of-dna-replication-meselson-stahl-experiment.

  • Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”

    Rosalind Franklin discovered the X-ray diffraction image.

    Kazilek. “Rosalind Franklin - DNA.” Kazilek, 19 Aug. 2012, askabiologist.asu.edu/Rosalind_Franklin-DNA.

  • Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis

    This theory was discovered at Boston University by the Biologist Lynn Margulis. Lynn’s deep research was made by the origin of eukaryotic cells. Her research needed her to look at prokaryotes, eukaryotic and organelles.
    “The Endosymbiotic Theory.” Endosymbiotic Theory, www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html.

  • Apollo 11 lands on the moon

    Apollo 11 was the very first person to land on the moon, which gave the opportunity to extract samples from the planetary composition.
    “Apollo 11 (AS-506).” Apollo 11 (AS-506) | National Air and Space Museum, airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm

  • Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.”

    When Theodosius Dodzhansky published that Evolution is what brings facts to reality. Theodosius is well known in this recent centrury.

    J., FRANCISCO. “‘Nothing in Biology Makes Sense except in the Light of Evolution’: Theodosius Dobzhansky: 1900–1975 | Journal of Heredity | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Jan. 1977, academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/68/1/3/791230?redirectedFrom=fulltext#.

  • Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered

    Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered, after hunting for human ancestors in Africa.
    “Australian Museum.” Australopithecus Afarensis - Australian Museum, australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis

  • The Sanger Technique is developed

    The Sanger Sequence was historically known. This sequence was developed to allow DNA sequence. By all the reactions, the chemistry product is determined by this sequence, which categorizes them.

    31. Sanger Sequencing: Historical Development of Automated DNA Sequencing.” Methods and Technology for Genetic Analysis, 13 Nov. 2012, agctsequencing.wordpress.com/2012/08/01/sanger-sequencing-historical-development-of-automated-dna-sequencing/.

  • Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered

    Scientists were exploring the Galapagos Rift in the eastern Pacific, and they noticed a series of temperature spikes. That’s when they started wondering how deep the ocean temperature are, because they changed so drastically. Then, discovered the deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
    National Geographic Society. “Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents.” National Geographic Society, 7 Mar. 2013, www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/.

  • Dolly the sheep is cloned

    Dolly was first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Her creation was by specialized cells that can be used to create an exact copy of the animal they come from.
    “The Life of Dolly.” Dolly the Sheep, dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html.

  • Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria

    Malaria is a transmission where four species of plasmodium infect humans. It’s a risky infection.
    “Malaria Distribution, Prevalence, Drug Resistance and Control in Indonesia.” Malaria Distribution, Prevalence, Drug Resistance and Control in Indonesia - ScienceDirect, Academic Press, 3 Feb. 2011, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123858979000021.

  • Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction technique. This technique allows scientists to make millions of copies of a scarce sample of DNA. This further helps scientists to detect genetic defects, or the detection of AIDS in human cells.
    “The History of PCR.” Smithsonian Institution Archives, siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html.

  • Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape

    An expert used Tommie’s DNA fingerprints with a genetic analysis.
    Rapist Convicted on DNA Match. www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html.

  • CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described

    CRISPr/CAS 9 were identified to be essential in genes to adapt with immunity. This helps organisms to respond back and eliminate any bad material.
    Biolabs, New England. “CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing: New Era in Molecular Biology.” New England Biolabs: Reagents for the Life Sciences Industry, www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology.

  • Human genome is fully sequenced

    Human genome is fully sequenced therefore gives us today the capabilities to state when a human genome is completely sequenced.
    “Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions.” National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/.

  • Richard L Bible is executed

    Richard was wanted by his conviction. Then, a trial was introduced, which is DNA analysis to match the blood on Richards shirt to the victim; which found him to be guilty on a first degree murder.
    Enea, Joe. “Death Row Diaries: The First Use of DNA Technology in an Arizona Murder Case.” KNXV, 18 June 2016, www.abc15.com/news/crime/death-row-diaries-the-first-use-of-dna-technology-in-an-arizona-murder-case.

  • “Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” published.

    In the “Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” consists of a mechanism that primates and post mates how isolation development in reproduction.

    Dodd, Diane M. B. “Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in Drosophila Pseudoobscura.” Evolution, vol. 43, no. 6, 1989, p. 1308., doi:10.2307/2409365.

  • The Innocence Project is founded

    In the Innocence Project a prisoner had the hope to be proven innocent through their DNA. This is how today they test if prisoners are really innocent or not. Basically the DNA technology is to free innocents.

    “The Innocence Project.” Philanthropedia, www.myphilanthropedia.org/top-nonprofits/national/criminal-justice/2011/the-innocence-project.

  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered

    Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered is the very oldest out all human beings.
    “Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.” The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program, 9 Feb. 2016, humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.

  • Homo denisova fossil discovered

    When Homo denisova fossil was discovered, a small finger fossil was found. Therefore, DNA testing was conducted to see who it was, but it was unknown.

    “Fossil Hominids: The Denisovans.” The Denisovan Genome and Fossils, www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html.

  • Spliceosomes were discovered and described

    When spliceosomes were discovered, mRNA is catalyzed and numerous proteins. RNA reactivates groups for catalysis.

    Will, Cindy L. “Cindy L. Will.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Jan. 1970, cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/7/a003707.full.